{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T17:49:43Z","timestamp":1791568183810,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Schizo-obsessive presentations in adolescence remain insufficiently characterized, particularly with respect to their cognitive, linguistic, and social-cognitive features. This study explored clinical, neurocognitive, social-cognitive, and thought\u2013language characteristics associated with schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and schizo-obsessive presentations in adolescents using a Support Vector Machine\u2013based explainable machine learning framework. A total of 182 adolescents were included: schizophrenia with comorbid OCD (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 27), schizophrenia without obsessive-compulsive symptoms (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 55), and OCD without psychotic symptoms (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 100). The model demonstrated high discriminative performance overall, although classification performance was lower for the schizo-obsessive group, suggesting partial overlap with both schizophrenia and OCD presentations. Shapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analyses indicated that obsessive-compulsive symptom burden and negative symptom burden were the primary dimensions associated with classification, while social cognition, verbal fluency, verbal memory, executive functioning, processing speed, thought\u2013language organization, and prosodic features also contributed to group differentiation. The findings suggest that schizo-obsessive presentations may involve broader cognitive and linguistic characteristics beyond symptom-level overlap and support a multidimensional approach to their clinical evaluation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/13591045261491069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T16:03:01Z","timestamp":1791388981000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multidimensional Cognitive and Linguistic Profiles in Adolescent Schizo-Obsessive Presentations: A Machine Learning and Explainable Artificial Intelligence Approach"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5082-3991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omca","family":"Guney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Basaksehir Cam and Sakura City Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2188-7654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erkan","family":"Eyrikaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ankara University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ipek Ege","family":"Gurel Ficicioglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Bakirkoy Mazhar Osman Training and Research Hospital for Mental Health and Neurological Diseases"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerim","family":"Kiziltan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Bakirkoy Mazhar Osman Training and Research Hospital for Mental Health and Neurological Diseases"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duygu","family":"Kinay Ermis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basaksehir Cam and Sakura City Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nurdan","family":"Kasar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basaksehir Cam and Sakura City Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denizhan","family":"Tanyolac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pendik State Hospital, Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1708\/1069.11715"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2011.11.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023035012436"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00715"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2013.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.033"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2017.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/8.3.470"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_10_1","first-page":"2079","article-title":"On over-fitting in model selection and subsequent selection bias in performance evaluation","volume":"11","author":"Cawley G. C.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cawley G. C., Talbot N. L. C. (2010). On over-fitting in model selection and subsequent selection bias in performance evaluation. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 11, 2079\u20132107.","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patter.2022.100602"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2019.05.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chu M. Zhu N. Li S. Wang Y. Yi Z. Zhang Y. Lv Q. Lui S. S. Y. Wang Z. Chan R. C. K. (2026). Characterizing executive dysfunctions in patients with schizo-obsessive comorbidity: Comparing schizophrenia with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychological Medicine 56 Article e116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291726104061","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291726104061"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/jcen.20.3.391.810"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.05.029"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbr077"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2018.160"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_18_1","unstructured":"Doshi-Velez F. Kim B. (2017). Towards a rigorous science of interpretable machine learning [Preprint]. arXiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1702.08608"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/da\/9943590"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2012.02.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-017-0813-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2014.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/psych.2014.511143"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/neu.2018.27"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/00485713-20230418-02"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_26_1","first-page":"218","volume-title":"Clinical global impression. ECDEU Assessment Manual for Psychopharmacology, revised","author":"Guy W.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Guy W. (1976). Clinical global impression. ECDEU Assessment Manual for Psychopharmacology, revised (pp. 218\u2013222). Rockville: DHEW Publ. No. ADM 76-338). National Institute of Mental Health."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_7_27_1","first-page":"627","article-title":"Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis for medical diagnostic test evaluation","volume":"4","author":"Hajian-Tilaki K.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hajian-Tilaki K. (2013). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis for medical diagnostic test evaluation. Caspian Journal of Internal Medicine, 4(2), 627\u2013635.","journal-title":"Caspian Journal of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41537-021-00165-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/13.2.261"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_7_30_1","first-page":"168","article-title":"Sesli okuma ve konu\u015fma prozodisi: \u0130li\u015fkisel bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma","volume":"9","author":"Keskin H. K.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Keskin H. K., Bastug M., Akyol H. (2013). Sesli okuma ve konu\u015fma prozodisi: \u0130li\u015fkisel bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma. Mersin \u00dcniversitesi E\u011fitim Fak\u00fcltesi Dergisi, 9(2), 168\u2013180.","journal-title":"Mersin \u00dcniversitesi E\u011fitim Fak\u00fcltesi Dergisi"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.13049tx3c"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.3604"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awv111"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-006-9055-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0225608"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2020.30"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2023.03.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schizbullopen\/sgaa034"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_40_1","first-page":"4593","article-title":"SHAP-based explanation methods: A review for NLP interpretability","author":"Mosca E.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mosca E., Szigeti F., Tragianni S., Gallagher D., Groh G. (2022). SHAP-based explanation methods: A review for NLP interpretability. Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 4593\u20134603.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Computational Linguistics"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-006-9018-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5498\/wjp.v3.i3.50"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2019.11.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000526708"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2007.06.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200418140-00004"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2011.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-019-01022-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2022.02.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1958.8.3.271"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2025.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.05.029"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14015430310018324"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2021.114135"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199706000-00023"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_7_56_1","first-page":"99","article-title":"Comorbid obsessive-compulsive symptoms in schizophrenia: Contributions of pharmacological and genetic factors","volume":"4","author":"Schirmbeck F.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schirmbeck F., Zink M. (2013). Comorbid obsessive-compulsive symptoms in schizophrenia: Contributions of pharmacological and genetic factors. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 4(1), 99. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2013.00099","journal-title":"Frontiers in Pharmacology"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_57_1","volume-title":"Rey auditory verbal learning test: A handbook","author":"Schmidt M.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Schmidt M. (1996). Rey auditory verbal learning test: A handbook (17). Western Psychological Services."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852916000390"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acv083"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.09.074"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2515245920947067"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2022.06.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41537-021-00154-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-019-1051-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579425000124"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2007.07.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_67_1","first-page":"124","article-title":"Evaluating formal thought disorders within children and adolescent inpatients using thought and language disorder scale: A preliminary report","author":"Tun\u00e7t\u00fcrk M.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tun\u00e7t\u00fcrk M., Can M., Turan S., Atay A., Ye\u015filkaya C., Tanyola\u00e7 D., Akca D., G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc F., Akyol G., Gelmi\u015f M., \u00d6zdemir N., Alarslan S., Ermi\u015f \u00c7., Kara\u00e7etin G. (2021). Evaluating formal thought disorders within children and adolescent inpatients using thought and language disorder scale: A preliminary report. 12th International Congress on Psychopharmacology & 8th International Symposium on Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 124\u2013125.","journal-title":"12th International Congress on Psychopharmacology & 8th International Symposium on Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61602-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics15030524"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/2008WAF2222119.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_71_1","volume-title":"Manual for the Wechsler intelligence scale for children","author":"Wechsler D.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Wechsler D. (1974). Manual for the Wechsler intelligence scale for children. Psychological Corporation."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_72_1","volume-title":"WAIS-R: Manual: Wechsler adult intelligence scale-revised","author":"Wechsler D.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Wechsler D. (1981). WAIS-R: Manual: Wechsler adult intelligence scale-revised. Psychological Corporation."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2016.07.001"}],"container-title":["Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13591045261491069","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/13591045261491069","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13591045261491069","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T16:54:38Z","timestamp":1791564878000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/13591045261491069"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"references-count":73,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/13591045261491069"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13591045261491069","relation":{},"ISSN":["1359-1045","1461-7021"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1359-1045","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-7021","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"article-number":"13591045261491069"}}