{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T18:34:00Z","timestamp":1792953240791,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792627200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Parents increasingly use large language models (LLMs) to obtain information about child and adolescent mental health. In pediatric obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder (OCD), where early recognition and intervention are critical, the accuracy of AI-generated information may have clinical implications. This study evaluated LLM responses to parent-oriented questions about pediatric OCD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An exploratory cross-sectional evaluation was conducted using three conversational AI systems: ChatGPT (GPT-4o), Google Gemini, and DeepSeek. Twenty questions reflecting common parental concerns were identified through online sources and expert review and submitted with standardized prompts in separate chat sessions. Anonymized responses were independently rated by two child and adolescent psychiatrists for accuracy, reproducibility, and error patterns.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ChatGPT achieved the highest accuracy (\u224891%) and reproducibility (\u224889%), followed by Gemini (\u224888%; \u224885%) and DeepSeek (\u224886%; \u224883%). Domain-level analysis showed the highest scores for early recognition\/diagnosis and treatment-related questions, and the lowest scores for questions on family functioning and daily life. Omission of clinically critical information\u2014particularly insufficient emphasis on exposure and response prevention\u2014was more common than factual inaccuracy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>LLMs can provide accessible and generally accurate information for parents about pediatric OCD. However, variability across domains and limited prioritization of clinically essential content suggest they should complement, not replace, professional evaluation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13591045261499579","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T14:15:31Z","timestamp":1792678531000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Beyond Accuracy: Do Large Language Models Provide Clinically Adequate Responses to Parent-Initiated Questions on Pediatric Obsessive\u2013Compulsive Disorder?"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0180-5797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Berrin","family":"Bilgi\u00e7","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Adnan Menderes University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serkan","family":"Turan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bursa Uludag University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Assessing AI-based large language models (ChatGPT, Google Gemini, and DeepSeek) for common parent questions about autism: Acceptability, readability, and accuracy","author":"Almulla A. A.","year":"2025","unstructured":"Almulla A. A., Khasawneh M. A. S. (2025). Assessing AI-based large language models (ChatGPT, Google Gemini, and DeepSeek) for common parent questions about autism: Acceptability, readability, and accuracy. Psychiatric Quarterly, 1\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11126-025-10243-6","journal-title":"Psychiatric Quarterly"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_7_3_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Assessing the quality, usefulness, and reliability of large language models (ChatGPT, DeepSeek, and gemini) in answering general questions regarding dyslexia and dyscalculia","volume":"97","author":"Alrubaian A.","year":"2025","unstructured":"Alrubaian A. (2025). Assessing the quality, usefulness, and reliability of large language models (ChatGPT, DeepSeek, and gemini) in answering general questions regarding dyslexia and dyscalculia. Psychiatric Quarterly, 97(2), 1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11126-025-10170-6","journal-title":"Psychiatric Quarterly"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20473869.2025.2597843"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ebmental-2021-300277"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/informatics12010009"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bender E. M. Gebru T. McMillan-Major A. Shmitchell S. (2021) On the dangers of stochastic parrots: Can language models be too big?? Proceedings of the 2021 ACM conference on fairness accountability and transparency Virtual Event Canada March 3-10 2021 pp. 610\u2013623.","DOI":"10.1145\/3442188.3445922"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2025.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5498\/wjp.v16.i6.119773"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ejihpe14050078"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-025-00886-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X16666180426151746"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-024-00717-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Vincenzo C. Demaria F. Bertoncini I. Menghini D. Antonietti A. Vicari S. Pontillo M. (2026). Pediatric obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder as a developmental disorder of cognitive\u2013emotional control: A transdiagnostic and family-integrated perspective. Frontiers in Psychiatry 16 Article 1750938. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1750938","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1750938"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08039488.2019.1574892"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2019.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.focus.10.3.360"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104012371302500306"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2025-074912"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jisppd.jisppd_110_24"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03097-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-025-01611-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiao R. Chen M. Zhang J. (2026). Assessing large language model responses to pediatric depression FAQs: A cross-sectional study on readability accuracy and sentiment. Frontiers in Psychiatry 17 Article 1782288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1782288","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1782288"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-024-01181-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40501-025-00359-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/19985"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.2016.1126181"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsae075"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ejihpe15010009"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-024-02134-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2020.0051"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-64827-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13591045251392632"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0332917"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.03.090"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/74899"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.04.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_38_1","article-title":"Evaluating the clinical safety of LLMs in response to high-risk mental health disclosures","author":"Shah S.","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shah S., Gupta A., Mann A. (2025). Evaluating the clinical safety of LLMs in response to high-risk mental health disclosures. arXiv preprint arXiv:2509.08839.","journal-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:2509.08839"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06291-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-024-00851-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Starvaggi I. Dierckman C. Lorenzo-Luaces L. (2024). Mental health misinformation on social media: Review and future directions. Current Opinion in Psychology 56 Article 101738. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.copsyc.2023.101738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2023.101738"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02448-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang L. Wan Z. Ni C. Song Q. Li Y. Clayton E. Malin B. Yin Z. (2024). Applications and concerns of ChatGPT and other conversational large language models in health care: Systematic review. Journal of Medical Internet Research 26 Article e22769. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/22769","DOI":"10.2196\/22769"},{"issue":"61","key":"e_1_3_7_44_1","first-page":"S119","article-title":"Challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder","volume":"1","author":"Westwell-Roper C.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Westwell-Roper C., Stewart S. E. (2019). Challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 1)(61(Suppl), S119\u2013S130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_524_18","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-52415-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_46_1","article-title":"A comparative evaluation of three large language models for parent-centered questions about anorexia nervosa","author":"Ye\u015filkaya C.","year":"2026","unstructured":"Ye\u015filkaya C., Kele\u015f H. K., Ta\u015fpolat E. R. (2026). A comparative evaluation of three large language models for parent-centered questions about anorexia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders.","journal-title":"International Journal of Eating Disorders"}],"container-title":["Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13591045261499579","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/13591045261499579","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13591045261499579","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T17:55:52Z","timestamp":1792950952000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/13591045261499579"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/13591045261499579"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13591045261499579","relation":{},"ISSN":["1359-1045","1461-7021"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1359-1045","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-7021","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]]},"article-number":"13591045261499579"}}