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This study examined the associations of attitudes and behaviors relevant to the flu, measles-mumps-rubella (MMR), and human-papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines with religious affiliations, as well as philosophical, spiritual, and moral beliefs. Respondents were 3005 adults from a probability-based, four-wave panel survey in the United States. Longitudinal structural equation modeling examined how religious affiliations and philosophical\/moral beliefs shaped attitudes toward vaccines and actual vaccination. Stronger philosophical beliefs predicted more negative attitudes toward each vaccine and stronger moral beliefs more negative attitudes toward the HPV vaccine. Negative vaccine attitudes then predicted weaker intentions to encourage others to vaccinate and lower probability of receiving a vaccine. Theoretical and public health messaging implications are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/13591053221082770","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,15]],"date-time":"2022-03-15T08:27:46Z","timestamp":1647332866000},"page":"3059-3081","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Religious affiliation and philosophical and moral beliefs about vaccines: A longitudinal study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0485-1705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ozan","family":"Kuru","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Man-pui Sally","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hang","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominik Andrzej","family":"Stecula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado State University, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen Hall","family":"Jamieson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dolores","family":"Albarrac\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-13591053221082770","unstructured":"ABC News (2020) Coronavirus: California pastor continues to hold church services in Lodi despite stay-at-home order, citing First Amendment. 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