{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T05:29:55Z","timestamp":1786426195971,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769126400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Health Psychol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Eligibility criteria in blood donation are essential to protect both donor and recipient health. This study examines variability in donor selection criteria and donor health questionnaires across 19 healthcare institutions in Lebanon amid its transition toward a voluntary and non-remunerated blood donation (VNRD) system. Notable discrepancies were identified across medical, behavioral, demographic, and geographic deferral categories. A comparative analysis against Lebanese Committee for Blood Transfusion guidelines and EU-based standards reveals a lack of centralization and inconsistent adherence to evidence-based practices. Many institutions apply precautionary deferrals not grounded in current science, leading to overly restrictive outcomes. Ethnoracial biases are also evident, with policies that disproportionately exclude migrant groups. These inconsistencies risk confusing donors, reducing trust, and undermining donor retention. The findings highlight the urgent need for standardized, equitable, and medically sound eligibility criteria. This research offers critical insights for policymakers in Lebanon and other countries navigating similar reforms toward sustainable VNRD systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/13591053251408144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T05:38:08Z","timestamp":1769233088000},"page":"4225-4240","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Voluntary and non-remunerated blood donation by 2025? A comparative study of blood donor eligibility in 19 healthcare institutions in Lebanon"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9337-7605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samira N.","family":"Chatila","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva-Maria","family":"Merz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Sanquin, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JBM.S178822"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmrv.2011.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tme.12225"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.16387"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000509027"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/voxs.12520"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","first-page":"101","article-title":"Blood donor selection in European Union directives: Room for improvement","volume":"14","author":"De Kort W","year":"2016","unstructured":"De Kort W, Mayr W, Jungbauer C, et al. (2016) Blood donor selection in European Union directives: Room for improvement. Blood Transfusion 14(2): 101\u2013108.","journal-title":"Blood Transfusion"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.7084"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.13748"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15265160903506392"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15265160903487619"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.16613"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2012.03820.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/esr\/jcaa002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13591053231175809"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tracli.2019.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/s41271-017-0076-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15171\/ijbsm.2018.21"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcomm.2021.777829"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226322384.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-1063"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_1","unstructured":"Holloway K (2023) Making Connections: Exploring Strategies to Recruit and Retain New Plasma Donors. European Conference on Donor Health and Management. Vienna Austria. Available at: https:\/\/www.ecdhm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/ECDHM_Program_full.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732305276687"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/01410768221144760"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_1","unstructured":"Kassamali S (2021) Understanding Race and Migrant Domestic Labor in Lebanon. Middle East Research and Information Project: Critical Coverage of the Middle East Since 1971. Available at: https:\/\/merip.org\/2021\/07\/understanding-race-and-migrant-domestic-labor-in-lebanon\/#:~:text=Young%20women%20from%20Sri%20Lanka purchasing%20power%20has%20radically%20declined"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.12618"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tme.12432"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2012.03756.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_1","unstructured":"LCBT (2015) Criteria for Blood Donor Selection. LMOPH. Available at: https:\/\/www.moph.gov.lb\/userfiles\/files\/Quality%26Safety\/BloodTransfusion\/DonorCriteriaEn%5B4%5D%5B3%5D.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_1","unstructured":"Lebanese Committee of Blood Transfusion (LCBT) (2018) Whole Blood Donor Questionnaire. LMOPH. Available at: https:\/\/www.moph.gov.lb\/userfiles\/files\/Quality%26Safety\/BloodTransfusion\/questionary%20english%20vfinale%20022018.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.13587"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_1","unstructured":"LMOPH (2022) National Policy And Strategic Framework for Blood Transfusion Services in Lebanon. LMOPH. Available at: https:\/\/www.moph.gov.lb\/userfiles\/files\/Quality%26Safety\/BloodTransfusion\/National%20Stategy%20BTS%202022%20(1).pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_1","unstructured":"LRC (2020) Feasibility Study for a New Central Blood Bank. Lebanese Red Cross. Available at: https:\/\/www.redcross.org.lb\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Final-_-TOR-Feasibility-study-Central-Blood-Bank-Beirut.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-6247.157011"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.12569"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.13028"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_1","unstructured":"MSF (2023) Migrant Workers in Lebanon: Healthcare Under the Kafala System. M\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\u00e8res - Middle East. Available at: https:\/\/www.msf-me.org\/media-centre\/news-and-stories\/migrant-workers-lebanon-healthcare-under-kafala-system#:~:text=As%20a%20result%2C%20access%20to their%20physical%20and%20mental%20health."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_1","volume-title":"Watching Closely: A Guide to Ethnographic Observation","author":"Nippert-Eng CE","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nippert-Eng CE (2015) Watching Closely: A Guide to Ethnographic Observation. Oxford University Press."},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_4_41_1","first-page":"382","article-title":"Individual, contextual and network characteristics of blood donors and non-donors: A systematic review of recent literature","volume":"15","author":"Piersma TW","year":"2017","unstructured":"Piersma TW, Bekkers R, Klinkenberg EF, et al. (2017) Individual, contextual and network characteristics of blood donors and non-donors: A systematic review of recent literature. Blood Transfusion 15(5): 382\u2013397.","journal-title":"Blood Transfusion"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.13054"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.15551"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14636778.2024.2317709"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_1","volume-title":"Blood Donor Selection: Guidelines on Assessing Donor Suitability for Blood Donation","author":"WHO","year":"2012","unstructured":"WHO (2012) Blood Donor Selection: Guidelines on Assessing Donor Suitability for Blood Donation. WHO."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_1","unstructured":"WHO (2017a) Strategic Framework For Blood Safety And Availability 2016 - 2025. WHO. Available at: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/254837"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_1","unstructured":"WHO (2017b) Regional Status Report on Blood Safety and Availability. WHO. Available at: https:\/\/applications.emro.who.int\/docs\/EMROPub_2017_EN_18907.pdf"}],"container-title":["Journal of Health Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13591053251408144","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/13591053251408144","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13591053251408144","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T05:01:52Z","timestamp":1786424512000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/13591053251408144"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/13591053251408144"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13591053251408144","relation":{},"ISSN":["1359-1053","1461-7277"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1359-1053","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-7277","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]}}}