{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T11:39:34Z","timestamp":1792669174484,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]],"date-time":"2026-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]],"date-time":"2026-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774137600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Health Psychol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Bedtime procrastination (BP), recognized as a common self-regulation issue, is linked to insufficient sleep and in turn, adverse health outcomes. However, the specific contributions of different components of self-regulation \u2013 particularly the biological underpinnings \u2013 remain insufficiently understood. This cross-sectional study aims to explore the relationship between BP and self-regulation components, namely vagally-mediated HRV (vmHRV) as physiological concomitant of self-regulation, behavioral regulation, and emotion regulation. A final sample of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009135 adults completed a baseline vmHRV assessment and self-report questionnaires. The results show that higher BP was significantly predicted by lower vmHRV and greater difficulties in behavioral and emotion regulation. Additionally, brooding rumination significantly predicted BP, whereas cognitive reappraisal and reflective rumination did not. VmHRV was not significantly correlated with either behavioral or emotion regulation. Although the question remains whether self-regulation constitutes a unified construct, vmHRV, behavioral and emotion regulation each made unique contributions to the prediction of BP.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/13591053261425412","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T06:33:46Z","timestamp":1774247626000},"page":"5560-5576","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Bedtime procrastination as a typical problem of self-regulation? Insights from the examination of heart rate variability, behavioral regulation and emotion regulation"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0488-016X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lena Mareen","family":"Grabo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6431-4258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silja","family":"Bellingrath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","first-page":"32","article-title":"Heart rate, heart rate variability and inflammatory biomarkers among young and healthy adults","volume":"49","author":"Aeschbacher S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Aeschbacher S, Schoen T, D\u00f6rig L, et al. (2017) Heart rate, heart rate variability and inflammatory biomarkers among young and healthy adults. Annali Medici 49(1): 32\u201341.","journal-title":"Annali Medici"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1089-2680.10.3.229"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2017.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8721.2007.00534.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691617716946"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.1304"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjop.12382"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/28367138.2025.2491521"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.725828"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0038662"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsw032"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15374410709336568"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90047-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.45.1.16"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/31.5.619"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsad145"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S472299"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen J","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohen J (1988) Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, 2nd edn. Routledge.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10400410903579601"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Anxiety, depression, and procrastination among students: Rumination plays a larger mediating role than worry","volume":"36","author":"Constantin K","year":"2018","unstructured":"Constantin K, English MM, Mazmanian D (2018) Anxiety, depression, and procrastination among students: Rumination plays a larger mediating role than worry. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy 36(1): 15\u201327.","journal-title":"Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-021-03451-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/per.461"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2016.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10301-1"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","article-title":"Understanding insomnia through cognitive modelling","volume":"8","author":"Espie CA","year":"2007","unstructured":"Espie CA (2007) Understanding insomnia through cognitive modelling. Sleep Medicine 8(4): S3\u2013S8.","journal-title":"Sleep Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10942-016-0235-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-019-04142-5"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","first-page":"18","article-title":"The Godin-Shephard leisure-time physical activity questionnaire","volume":"4","author":"Godin G","year":"2011","unstructured":"Godin G (2011) The Godin-Shephard leisure-time physical activity questionnaire. The Health and Fitness Journal of Canada 4(1): 18\u201322.","journal-title":"The Health and Fitness Journal of Canada"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(06)38002-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10942-020-00353-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10615806.2025.2460230"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1089-2680.2.3.271"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0000110"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17437190701492437"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(01)00061-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00963"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.02.043"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2022.101697"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_1","volume-title":"Prokrastination - Ein Manual Zur Behandlung Des Pathologischen Aufschiebens","author":"H\u00f6cker A","year":"2017","unstructured":"H\u00f6cker A, Engberding M, Rist F (2017) Prokrastination - Ein Manual Zur Behandlung Des Pathologischen Aufschiebens, vol. 2, aktualisierte und erg\u00e4nzte Auflage. Hogrefe Verlag GmbH & Co. KG."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.1382"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2012.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.12.032"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22672"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2005.11.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2025.113213"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1026\/1616-3443\/a000118"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-061020-105721"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2016.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191117720283"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2023.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2018.02.015"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_3_53_1","first-page":"250","article-title":"Efficacy of biofeedback training in overcoming academic procrastination","volume":"11","author":"Kaur S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kaur S, Kaur S, Kaur R (2021) Efficacy of biofeedback training in overcoming academic procrastination. International Journal of Education and Management Studies 11(4): 250\u2013256.","journal-title":"International Journal of Education and Management Studies"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13078\/jsm.210023"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_1","first-page":"22","volume-title":"Handbook of Self-Regulation: Research, Theory, and Applications","author":"Koole SL","year":"2011","unstructured":"Koole SL, van Dillen LF, Sheppes G (2011) The self-regulation of emotion. In: Vohs KD, Baumeister RF (eds) Handbook of Self-Regulation: Research, Theory, and Applications, 2nd edn. Guilford Press, pp.22\u201340.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691615593382"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00611"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105314540014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kroese FM Nauts S Kamphorst BA et al. (2016a) Bedtime procrastination: A behavioral perspective on sleep insufficiency. In: Sirois FM Pychyl TA (eds) Procrastination Health and Well-Being. Academic Press. pp.93\u2013119. Available at: https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/B9780128028629000050 (accessed 27 March 2025).","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-802862-9.00005-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00077"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00213"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6506a1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02678373.2014.935523"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-013-9503-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18157796"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2815-16.2016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2017.12.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/cogp.1999.0734"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18178978"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15402002.2018.1491850"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.2010.02841.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/0269-8803\/a000222"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8760(01)00162-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2006.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pychyl TA Sirois FM (2016) Chapter 8 - Procrastination emotion regulation and well-being. In: Sirois FM Pychyl TA (eds) Procrastination Health and Well-Being. Academic Press pp.163\u2013188. Available at: https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/B9780128028629000086 (accessed 4 April 2025).","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-802862-9.00008-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2010.518597"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2016.1171233"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_79_1","unstructured":"R Core Team (2020) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Available at: https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/ (accessed 25 January 2021)"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0033294117720695"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23279095.2019.1684293"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s22176536"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(00)00034-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2007.01888.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104576"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2020.0168"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/spc3.12011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-018-0983-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sirois FM Pychyl TA (2016) Chapter 12 - Future of research on procrastination health and well-being: Key themes and recommendations. In: Sirois FM Pychyl TA (eds) Procrastination Health and Well-Being. Academic Press pp.255\u2013271. Available at: https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/B9780128028629000128 (accessed 16 April 2025)","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-802862-9.00012-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/anec.12483"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.133.1.65"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(00)00013-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40688-018-00224-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15402002.2021.1979004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/21695067231192608"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2012.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_97_1","unstructured":"Tarvainen MP Lipponen J Niskanen JP et al. (2020) Kubios HRV (ver. 3.4) USER\u2019S GUIDE. Available at: https:\/\/www.kubios.com\/downloads\/Kubios_HRV_Users_Guide.pdf (accessed 4 February 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a014868"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-009-9101-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(00)00338-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023910315561"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08870446.2019.1652753"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(02)00358-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027600"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su132413616"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-020-01337-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S497183"}],"container-title":["Journal of Health Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13591053261425412","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/13591053261425412","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13591053261425412","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T10:53:13Z","timestamp":1792666393000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/13591053261425412"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]]},"references-count":107,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/13591053261425412"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13591053261425412","relation":{},"ISSN":["1359-1053","1461-7277"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1359-1053","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-7277","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]]}}}