{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T18:45:24Z","timestamp":1785782724201,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021.01871.CEECIND"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.01871.CEECIND"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023.13402.PEX"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023.13402.PEX"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Health Psychol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This meta-analysis aimed to examine the efficacy of virtual reality (VR)-mediated contextual-behavioral interventions for improving mental health, quality of life, and functioning in adults with chronic physical illnesses (CPIs). Following PRISMA, 13 studies (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009563) were analyzed. Pre- to post-intervention results showed reductions in depression (SMD\u2009=\u2009\u22120.79), anxiety (SMD\u2009=\u2009\u22120.86), and improved functioning (SMD\u2009=\u2009\u22120.67; all\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.01). Although quality of life, stress, and distress improved, the effects were not statistically significant. Subgroup analyses were conducted to explore potential sources of heterogeneity across all outcomes. Comparisons between experimental and control groups (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">k<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20092) suggested improvement in anxiety and quality of life (SMD\u2009=\u2009\u22120.41 and 0.55, respectively) but not for depression. Most interventions were mindfulness-based and uncontrolled designs. Findings tentatively suggest that VR-based mindfulness interventions help enhance psychological outcomes and functioning, but definite conclusions are unwarranted. Limitations and Future directions are discussed.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/13591053261470710","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T13:51:37Z","timestamp":1785505897000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A meta-analytic review of contextual-behavioral approaches via virtual reality in chronic physical illness: Where we are and where to go"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0831-4027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiana","family":"Miranda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioral Intervention (CINEICC), University of Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Castilho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioral Intervention (CINEICC), University of Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9611-1167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Guiomar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioral Intervention (CINEICC), University of Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"The VR-ACT Project Team","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8757-8424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e9rgio A.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioral Intervention (CINEICC), University of Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"Menezes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catarina","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Skvarc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Rita Sousa","family":"e Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Valentim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Emanuel","family":"Diogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Sargento","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"In\u00eas A.","family":"Trindade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Lapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerhard","family":"Andersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Castelo-Branco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson M McCracken LM Scott W (2024) An investigation of the associations between stigma self-compassion and pain outcomes during treatment based on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for chronic pain. Frontiers in Psychology 15: 1322723. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1322723","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1322723"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-012-1520-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1221"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2012.1572"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","article-title":"Improving the well-being of cancer hospitalized patients: SENTIR meditation program","volume":"33","author":"Carneiro L","year":"2023","unstructured":"Carneiro L, Carneiro L, Ara\u00fajo F, et al. (2023) Improving the well-being of cancer hospitalized patients: SENTIR meditation program. Confinia Cephalalgica 33(2): e2023010.","journal-title":"Confinia Cephalalgica"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carvalho SA Menezes P Duarte C et al. (2026) Virtual reality to improve pain management and mental health in stroke survivors with chronic pain: Study protocol for a feasibility randomized controlled trial on virtual reality-acceptance and commitment therapy. JMIR Research Protocols 15(1): e80611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/80611","DOI":"10.2196\/80611"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carvalho SA Skvarc D Barbosa R et al. (2022) A pilot randomized controlled trial of online acceptance and commitment therapy versus compassion-focused therapy for chronic illness. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy 29(2): 524\u2013541. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cpp.2643","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.2643"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u010ceko M Baeuerle T Webster L et al. (2023) The effects of virtual reality neuroscience-based therapy on clinical and neuroimaging outcomes in patients with chronic back pain: A randomized clinical trial. medRxiv. Epub ahead of print 27 July 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2023.07.24.23293109","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.07.24.23293109"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203771587"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corvin J Hoskinson Z Mozolic-Staunton B et al. (2024) The effects of virtual reality interventions on occupational participation and distress from symptoms in palliative care patients: A pilot study. Palliative and Supportive Care. Epub ahead of print 12\u201318 April 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1478951524000245","DOI":"10.1017\/S1478951524000245"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dahan A Van Velzen M Niesters M (2014) Comorbidities and the complexities of chronic pain. Anesthesiology 121(4): 675\u2013677. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000402","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000402"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Darnall BD Krishnamurthy P Tsuei J et al. (2020) Self-administered skills-based virtual reality intervention for chronic pain: Randomized controlled pilot study. JMIR Formative Research 4(7): e17799. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/17293","DOI":"10.2196\/17293"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Day J Finkelstein JC Field BA et al. (2021) Compassion-focused technologies: Reflections and future directions. Frontiers in Psychology 12: 603618. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.603618","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.603618"},{"issue":"16","key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Patient experiences of depression and anxiety with chronic disease: A systematic review and qualitative meta-synthesis","volume":"13","author":"DeJean D","year":"2013","unstructured":"DeJean D, Giacomini M, Vanstone M, et al. (2013) Patient experiences of depression and anxiety with chronic disease: A systematic review and qualitative meta-synthesis. Ontario Health Technology Assessment Series 13(16): 1\u201333.","journal-title":"Ontario Health Technology Assessment Series"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng H Zhang R Wang C et al. (2023) The efficacy of virtual reality exposure therapy for the treatment of alcohol use disorder among adult males: A randomized controlled trial comparing with acceptance and commitment therapy and treatment as usual. Frontiers in Psychiatry 14: 1070791. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1215963","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1215963"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doorley JD Goodman FR Kelso KC et al. (2020) Psychological flexibility: What we know what we do not know and what we think we know. Social and Personality Psychology Compass 14(12): 1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/spc3.12566","DOI":"10.1111\/spc3.12566"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/978-1-61499-121-2-53"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Falconer CJ Slater M Rovira A et al. (2014) Embodying compassion: A virtual reality paradigm for overcoming excessive self-criticism. PLOS ONE 9(11): e111933. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0111933","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111933"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freeman D Reeve S Robinson A et al. (2017) Virtual reality in the assessment understanding and treatment of mental health disorders. Psychological Medicine 47(14): 2393\u20132400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm9113434","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329171700040X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilbert P (2014) The origins and nature of compassion focused therapy. The British Journal of Clinical Psychology 53(1): 6\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjc.12043","DOI":"10.1111\/bjc.12043"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gorinelli S Gallego A Lappalainen P et al. (2023) Virtual reality acceptance and commitment therapy intervention for social and public speaking anxiety: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science 28: 289\u2013299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04418-4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcbs.2023.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graham CD Gillanders D Stuart S et al. (2015) An acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)-based intervention for an adult experiencing post-stroke anxiety and medically unexplained symptoms. Clinical Case Studies 14(2): 83\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1534650114539386","DOI":"10.1177\/1534650114539386"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graham CD Gouick J Krah\u00e9 C et al. (2016) A systematic review of the use of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) in chronic disease and long-term conditions. Clinical Psychology Review 46: 46\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.04.009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halim I Stemmet L Hach S et al. (2023) Individualized virtual reality for increasing self-compassion: Evaluation study. JMIR Mental Health 10(1): e47617. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/47617","DOI":"10.2196\/47617"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayes SC Barnes-Holmes D Wilson K (2012) Contextual behavioral science: Creating a science more adequate to the challenge of the human condition. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science 1(1\u20132): 1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcbs.2012.09.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcbs.2012.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayes SC Hofmann SG (2021) \u2018Third-wave\u2019 cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry. World Psychiatry 20(3): 363\u2013375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wps.20884","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20884"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayes SC Luoma JB Bond FW et al. (2006) Acceptance and commitment therapy: Model processes and outcomes. Behaviour Research and Therapy 44(1): 1\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2005.06.006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2005.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayes SC Merwin RM McHugh L et al. (2021) Report of the ACBS task force on the strategies and tactics of contextual behavioral science research. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science 20: 172\u2013183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcbs.2021.03.007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcbs.2021.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hidding M Veling W Pijnenborg GHM et al. (2024) A single-session VR intervention addressing self-compassion and self-criticism with and without perspective change: Results of a randomized controlled experiment. Behaviour Research and Therapy 173: 104470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104466"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Higgins JPT Thompson SG Deeks JJ et al. (2003) Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ 327(7414): 557\u2013560. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hilton L Hempel S Ewing BA et al. (2017) Mindfulness meditation for chronic pain: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 51(2): 199\u2013213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12160-016-9844-2","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-016-9844-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horesh D Kohavi S Shilony-Nalaboff L et al. (2022) Virtual reality combined with artificial intelligence (VR-AI) reduces hot flashes and improves psychological well-being in women with breast and ovarian cancer: A pilot study. Healthcare 10(11): 2183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/healthcare10112261","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10112261"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hwu YJ (2020) The impact of chronic illness on patients. Rehabilitation Nursing 45(4): 180\u2013184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/j.2048-7940.1995.tb01632.x","DOI":"10.1097\/RNJ.0000000000000271"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee BM Kim SW Lee BJ et al. (2023) Effects and safety of virtual reality-based mindfulness in patients with psychosis: A randomized controlled pilot study. Schizophrenia 9(1): 12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41537-023-00391-8","DOI":"10.1038\/s41537-023-00391-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li H Wong CL Jin X et al. (2024) Effects of acceptance and commitment therapy on fatigue interference in patients with advanced lung cancer and caregiving burden: Protocol for a pilot randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 14(7): e082597. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-082090.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-082090"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_37_1","first-page":"304","article-title":"Brief introduction of virtual reality & its challenges","volume":"4","author":"Mandal S","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mandal S (2013) Brief introduction of virtual reality & its challenges. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research 4(4): 304\u2013309.","journal-title":"International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mao W Chen W Wang Y (2024) Effect of virtual reality-based mindfulness training model on anxiety depression and cancer-related fatigue in ovarian cancer patients during chemotherapy. Technology and Health Care 32(2): 1135\u20131148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/THC-230735","DOI":"10.3233\/THC-230735"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCracken LM Vowles KE (2014) Acceptance and commitment therapy and mindfulness for chronic pain: Model process and progress. American Psychologist 69(2): 178\u2013187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0035623","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035623"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGhee WRG Doherty CJ Graham-Wisener L et al. (2024) Immersive virtual reality and psychological well-being in adult chronic physical illness: Systematic review. BMJ Supportive and Palliative Care 14(1): 14\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/spcare-2023-004502","DOI":"10.1136\/spcare-2023-004502"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGuinness LA Higgins JPT (2021) Risk-of-bias VISualization (robvis): An R package and Shiny web app for visualizing risk-of-bias assessments. Research Synthesis Methods 12(1): 55\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jrsm.1411","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1411"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Navarro-Haro MV Modrego-Alarc\u00f3n M Hoffman HG et al. (2019) Evaluation of a mindfulness-based intervention with and without virtual reality dialectical behavior therapy\u00ae mindfulness skills training for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder in primary care: A pilot study. Frontiers in Psychology 10: 55. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00055","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00055"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Connor S Mayne A Hood B (2022) Virtual reality-based mindfulness for chronic pain management: A scoping review. Pain Management Nursing 23(3): 359\u2013369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmn.2022.03.013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2022.03.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Gara G Murray L Georgopoulou S et al. (2022) SafeSpace: What is the feasibility and acceptability of a codesigned virtual reality intervention incorporating compassionate mind training to support people undergoing cancer treatment in a clinical setting? BMJ Open 12(2): e051306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-047626.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-047626"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ouzzani M Hammady H Fedorowicz Z et al. (2016) Rayyan \u2013 a web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Systematic Reviews 5(1): 210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Page MJ McKenzie JE Bossuyt PM et al. (2021) The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ 372: n71. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Read JR Sharpe L Modini M et al. (2017) Multimorbidity and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders 221: 36\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2017.06.009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R\u00f6ver C Knapp G Friede T (2015) Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman approach and its modification for random-effects meta-analysis with few studies. BMC Medical Research Methodology 15: 19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12874-015-0091-1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-015-0091-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarkar TD Edwards RR Baker N (2022) The feasibility and effectiveness of virtual reality meditation on reducing chronic pain for older adults with knee osteoarthritis. Pain Practice 22(7): 631\u2013641. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/papr.13144","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.13144"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith S Langen W (2020) A systematic review of mindfulness practices for improving outcomes in chronic low back pain. International Journal of Yoga 13(3): 177\u2013182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijoy.IJOY_4_20","DOI":"10.4103\/ijoy.IJOY_4_20"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sterne JA Hern\u00e1n MA Reeves BC et al. (2016) ROBINS-I: A tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions. BMJ 355: i4919. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.i4919","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i4919"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sterne JAC Savovi\u0107 J Page MJ et al. (2019) RoB 2: A revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ 366: l4898. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.l4898","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_1","volume-title":"The Big Book of ACT Metaphors: A Practitioner\u2019s Guide to Experiential Exercises and Metaphors in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy","author":"Stoddard JA","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stoddard JA, Afari N (2014) The Big Book of ACT Metaphors: A Practitioner\u2019s Guide to Experiential Exercises and Metaphors in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. New Harbinger Publications."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torres Garc\u00eda A Morcillo Serra C Argil\u00e9s Huguet M et al. (2024) Efficacy of a virtual reality intervention for reducing anxiety depression and increasing disease coping in patients with breast cancer before their first chemotherapy dose. Cognitive Therapy and Research 48(3): 451\u2013465. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10608-023-10440-2","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-023-10440-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viechtbauer W (2010) Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package. Journal of Statistical Software 36(3): 1\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v036.i03","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v036.i03"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viechtbauer W Cheung MWL (2010) Outlier and influence diagnostics for meta-analysis. Research Synthesis Methods 1(2): 112\u2013125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jrsm.11","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023) Noncommunicable diseases. Available at: https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/noncommunicable-diseases#tab=tab_1 (accessed 30 October 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yates SL Morley S Eccleston C et al. (2005) A scale for rating the quality of psychological trials for pain. Pain 117(3): 314\u2013325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pain.2005.06.018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2005.06.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang B Jin X Kuang X et al. (2024) Effects of a virtual reality-based meditation intervention on anxiety and depression among patients with acute leukemia during induction chemotherapy: A randomized controlled trial. Cancer Nursing 47(3): E159\u2013E167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/NCC.0000000000001206","DOI":"10.1097\/NCC.0000000000001206"}],"container-title":["Journal of Health Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13591053261470710","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/13591053261470710","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13591053261470710","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T18:02:13Z","timestamp":1785780133000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/13591053261470710"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"references-count":58,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/13591053261470710"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13591053261470710","relation":{},"ISSN":["1359-1053","1461-7277"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1359-1053","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-7277","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"article-number":"13591053261470710"}}