{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T14:58:08Z","timestamp":1790521088989,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007229","name":"Bijzonder Onderzoeksfonds UGent","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007229","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Health Psychol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent research highlights the role of parental appraisals in pediatric pain, yet studies on injustice appraisals remain limited and largely focused on mothers. This qualitative study explores fathers\u2019 appraisals of injustice in the context of their child\u2019s chronic pain, examining both child- and self-oriented appraisals. Semi-structured interviews with six fathers were analyzed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis, revealing two key themes: (1) Grieving the child\u2019s condition and (2) Struggling with the paternal role. Fathers described how their child\u2019s pain disrupted expectations of fatherhood and family life, while also grappling with how to fulfill their paternal role and maintain their identity. These findings underscore the relevance of injustice appraisals in paternal experiences and offer valuable insights into a perspective rarely addressed in pediatric pain research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/13591053261487176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T10:11:13Z","timestamp":1790331073000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["\u2018It\u2019s not fair!\u2019 Fathers\u2019 perceptions of injustice in the context of pediatric chronic pain: An interpretative phenomenological analysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7602-5859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fleur","family":"Baert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghent University, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0580-2179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"McParland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Glasgow Caledonian University, Scotland, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elaine","family":"Turtle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Glasgow Caledonian University, Scotland, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adele","family":"Dickson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herriot Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsty","family":"Wiseman-Gregg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Stirling, Scotland, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewan","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, Scotland, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zina","family":"Trost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tine","family":"Vervoort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghent University, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baert F McParland J Miller MM et al. (2020a) Mothers\u2019 appraisals of injustice in the context of their child\u2019s chronic pain: An interpretative phenomenological analysis. European Journal of Pain 24(10): 1932\u20131945. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejp.1642","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1642"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baert F Miller MM Trost Z et al. (2020b) Parental injustice appraisals in the context of child pain: Examining the construct and criterion validity of the IEQ-Pc and IEQ-Ps. Journal of Pain 21(1-2): 195\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpain.2019.06.012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2019.06.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bekele WB Ago FY (2022) Sample size for interview in qualitative research in social sciences: A guide to novice researchers. Research in Educational Policy and Management 4(1): 42\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46303\/repam.2022.3","DOI":"10.46303\/repam.2022.3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Qualitative Health Psychology : Theories and Methods","author":"Chamberlain K","year":"1999","unstructured":"Chamberlain K, Murray M (1999) Qualitative Health Psychology : Theories and Methods. Sage, pp.1\u2013272."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chapple A (1999) The use of telephone interviewing for qualitative research. Nurse Researcher 6(3): 85\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7748\/nr1999.04.6.3.85.c6090","DOI":"10.7748\/nr1999.04.6.3.85.c6090"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Claar RL Simons LE Logan DE (2008) Parental response to children\u2019s pain: The moderating impact of children\u2019s emotional distress on symptoms and disability. Pain 138(1): 172\u2013179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pain.2007.12.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2007.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Craig KD (2009) The social communication model of pain. Canadian Psychology \/ Psychologie canadienne 50(1): 22\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0014772","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014772"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davison KK Kitos N Aftosmes-Tobio A et al. (2018) The forgotten parent: Fathers\u2019 representation in family interventions to prevent childhood obesity. Preventive Medicine 111: 170\u2013176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.02.029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.02.029"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goubert L Craig KD Vervoort T et al. (2005) Facing others in pain: The effects of empathy. Pain 118(3): 285\u2013288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pain.2005.10.025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2005.10.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goubert L Eccleston C Vervoort T et al. (2006) Parental catastrophizing about their child\u2019s pain. The parent version of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS-P): A preliminary validation. Pain 123(3): 254\u2013263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pain.2006.02.035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2006.02.035"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"External validity of the published literature on controlled trials as the barrier to integrating research, education and evidence-based practice and policy","volume":"20","author":"Green L","year":"2010","unstructured":"Green L (2010) External validity of the published literature on controlled trials as the barrier to integrating research, education and evidence-based practice and policy. European Journal of Public Health 20: 7.","journal-title":"European Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(03)00251-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hechler T Vervoort T Hamann M et al. (2011) Parental catastrophizing about their child\u2019s chronic pain: Are mothers and fathers different? European Journal of Pain 15(5): 515.e1\u2013515.e9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejpain.2010.09.015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2010.09.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Higgins KS Birnie KA Chambers CT et al. (2015) Offspring of parents with chronic pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis of pain health psychological and family outcomes. Pain 156(11): 2256\u20132266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000293","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000293"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jordan A Crabtree A Eccleston C (2016) \u2018You have to be a jack of all trades\u2019: Fathers parenting their adolescent with chronic pain. Journal of Health Psychology 21(11): 2466\u20132476. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1359105315580461","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105315580461"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2005.12.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jordan J Price J Prior L (2015) Disorder and disconnection: Parent experiences of liminality when caring for their dying child. Sociology of Health & Illness 37(6): 839\u2013855. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-9566.12235","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9566.12235"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katsarou A Intas G Pierrakos G (2023) Investigating the needs of caregivers of patients suffering from chronic diseases: A mixed-method study. Indian Journal of Palliative Care 29(3): 285\u2013291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/IJPC_179_2022","DOI":"10.25259\/IJPC_179_2022"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Macgregor C Walumbe J Tulle E et al. (2023) Intersectionality as a theoretical framework for researching health inequities in chronic pain. British Journal of Pain 17(5): 479\u2013490. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20494637231188583","DOI":"10.1177\/20494637231188583"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_4_21_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Sample size and saturation in PhD studies using qualitative interviews","volume":"11","author":"Mason M","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mason M (2010) Sample size and saturation in PhD studies using qualitative interviews. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung\/Forum: Qualitative Social Research 11(3): 3.","journal-title":"Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung\/Forum: Qualitative Social Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3737.2002.00998.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCubbin HI Patterson JM (1983) The family stress process: The double ABCX model of adjustment and adaptation. Marriage & Family Review 6(1\u20132): 7\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1300\/J002v06n01_02","DOI":"10.1300\/J002v06n01_02"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller MM Scott EL Trost Z et al. (2016) Perceived injustice is associated with pain and functional outcomes in children and adolescents with chronic pain: A preliminary examination. Journal of Pain 17(11): 1217\u20131226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpain.2016.08.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2016.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammadi S de Boer MJ Sanderman R et al. (2017) Caregiving demands and caregivers\u2019 psychological outcomes: The mediating role of perceived injustice. Clinical Rehabilitation 31(3): 403\u2013413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269215516643846","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215516643846"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phares V Fields S Kamboukos D (2009) Fathers\u2019 and mothers\u2019 involvement with their adolescents. Journal of Child and Family Studies 18(1): 1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10826-008-9200-7","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-008-9200-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsi050"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pietkiewicz I Smith J (2014) A practical guide to using interpretative phenomenological analysis in qualitative research psychology. Czasopismo Psychologiczne: Psychological Journal 20: 7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14691\/cppj.20.1.7","DOI":"10.14691\/CPPJ.20.1.7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinquart M (2018) Parenting stress in caregivers of children with chronic physical condition-A meta-analysis. Stress and Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress 34(2): 197\u2013207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smi.2780","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.2780"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scott W Trost Z Bernier E et al. (2013) Anger differentially mediates the relationship between perceived injustice and chronic pain outcomes. Pain 154(9): 1691\u20131698. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pain.2013.05.015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2013.05.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Finding fathers in social work research and practice","volume":"7","author":"Shapiro A","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shapiro A, Krysik J (2010) Finding fathers in social work research and practice. Journal of Social Work Values and Ethics 7: 1\u20138.","journal-title":"Journal of Social Work Values and Ethics"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0000259-000"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith JA Osborn M (2015) Interpretative phenomenological analysis as a useful methodology for research on the lived experience of pain. British Journal of Pain 9(1): 41\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2049463714541642","DOI":"10.1177\/2049463714541642"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sturges JE Hanrahan KJ (2004) Comparing telephone and face-to-face qualitative interviewing: A research note. Qualitative Research 4(1): 107\u2013118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1468794104041110","DOI":"10.1177\/1468794104041110"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sullivan MJ Adams H Horan S et al. (2008) The role of perceived injustice in the experience of chronic pain and disability: Scale development and validation. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation 18(3): 249\u2013261. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10926-008-9140-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10926-008-9140-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sullivan MJL Bishop SR Pivik J (1995) The pain catastrophizing scale: Development and validation. Psychological Assessment 7(4): 524\u2013532. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1040-3590.7.4.524","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.7.4.524"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sullivan MJ Scott W Trost Z (2012) Perceived injustice: A risk factor for problematic pain outcomes. Clinical Journal of Pain 28(6): 484\u2013488. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/AJP.0b013e3182527d13","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e3182527d13"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vervoort T Trost Z (2018) An affective-motivational account of interpersonal dynamics in Pain. In: Vervoort T Aros K Trost KZ et al. (eds) Social and Interpersonal Dynamics in Pain: We Don\u2019t Suffer Alone. Springer International Publishing pp.57\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-78340-6_4","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-78340-6_4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vlaeyen JW Morley S Crombez G (2016) The experimental analysis of the interruptive interfering and identity-distorting effects of chronic pain. Behaviour Research and Therapy 86: 23\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2016.08.016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2016.08.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yakobov E Scott W Stanish W et al. (2014) The role of perceived injustice in the prediction of pain and function after total knee arthroplasty. Pain 155(10): 2040\u20132046. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pain.2014.07.007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2014.07.007"}],"container-title":["Journal of Health Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13591053261487176","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/13591053261487176","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13591053261487176","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T14:32:08Z","timestamp":1790519528000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/13591053261487176"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/13591053261487176"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13591053261487176","relation":{},"ISSN":["1359-1053","1461-7277"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1359-1053","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-7277","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"article-number":"13591053261487176"}}