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Abandonment of stavudine in countries that can afford it, new drugs from new classes with a wide therapeutic window and the impressive scale-up of drug access in resource-limited settings are several of the key new events. Drug safety is likely to be the most important factor to distinguish one antiretroviral regimen from another. We review life-threatening adverse events, adverse events of new investigational or recently marketed drugs, adverse events with a genetic component and tissue-specific adverse events of fat, heart, bone, kidney and liver.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350901400203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]],"date-time":"2022-04-14T12:26:57Z","timestamp":1649939217000},"page":"165-179","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["A new era of antiretroviral drug toxicity"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Calmy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Geneva University Hospital, HIV Unit, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Hirschel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geneva University Hospital, HIV Unit, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia"},{"name":"HIV, Immunology and Infectious Diseases Unit, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Carr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV, Immunology and Infectious Diseases Unit, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2336"},{"key":"bibr2-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa062360"},{"key":"bibr3-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa012035"},{"key":"bibr4-135965350901400203","unstructured":"Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected adults and adolescents. US Department of Health and Human Services. 29 January 2008. (Updated 29 January 2008. Accessed 30 June 2008.) Available from http:\/\/aidsinfo.nih.gov\/contentfiles\/AdultandAdolescentGL.pdf."},{"key":"bibr5-135965350901400203","unstructured":"EACS. European AIDS Clinical Society guidelines. (Updated June 2008. Accessed 24 September 2008.) 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Food and Drug Administration darunavir black box warning. (Updated March 2008. Accessed 15 May 2008.) Available from http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/cder\/drug\/infopage\/darunavir\/default.htm."},{"key":"bibr22-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0706135"},{"key":"bibr23-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-2918(01)80132-6"},{"key":"bibr24-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07873-X"},{"key":"bibr25-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200501030-00014"},{"key":"bibr26-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/507097"},{"key":"bibr27-135965350901400203","first-page":"2391","volume":"18","author":"Haas D.W.","year":"2004","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"bibr28-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-007-0440-z"},{"key":"bibr29-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/522175"},{"key":"bibr30-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2007.127746"},{"key":"bibr31-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.189622"},{"key":"bibr32-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030218"},{"key":"bibr33-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa062744"},{"key":"bibr34-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200316261"},{"key":"bibr35-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60423-7"},{"key":"bibr36-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32830fe35e"},{"key":"bibr37-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa062360"},{"key":"bibr38-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030496"},{"key":"bibr39-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0040365"},{"key":"bibr40-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200112070-00008"},{"key":"bibr41-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050203"},{"key":"bibr42-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32832995fa"},{"key":"bibr43-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2006.00362.x"},{"key":"bibr44-135965350901400203","unstructured":"De Jesus E., Walmsley S., Cohen C. Fasted lipid changes after administration of maraviroc or efavirenz in combination with zidovudine and lamivudine for 48 weeks to treatment naive HIV-infected patients.\n                      15th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections\n                      . 3\u20136 February 2008, Boston, MA, USA. Abstract 929."},{"key":"bibr45-135965350901400203","unstructured":"Moyle G., Fisher M. A randomized comparison of continued zidovudine plus lamivudine BID (AZT\/3TC) vs switching to tenofovir DF plus emtricitabine (FTC\/TDF) each plus efavirenz (EFV) in stable HIV infected persons: 48 week study \u2013 results of a planned 24 week analysis.\n                      4th International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention\n                      . 22\u201325 July 2007, Sydney, Australia. Abstract WEPEB028."},{"key":"bibr46-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000247574.33998.03"},{"key":"bibr47-135965350901400203","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez E., Arnaiz J., De Lazzari E., Cruceta A., Gatell J. 3-year final results of a simplification trial with nevirapine, efavirenz, or abacavir as substitutes of protease inhibitors in patients with HIV infection (the NEFA study).\n                      13th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections\n                      . 5\u20138 February 2006, Denver, CO, USA. Abstract 521."},{"key":"bibr48-135965350901400203","unstructured":"Mallolas J., Podzamczer D., Domingo P. Efficacy and safety of switching from lopinavir\/r (LPV\/r) to atazanavir\/r (ATV\/r) in patients with virologic suppression receiving a LPV\/r containing HAART: the ATAZIP study.\n                      4th International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention\n                      . 22\u201325 July 2007, Sydney, Australia. Abstract WEPEB117LB."},{"key":"bibr49-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/517497"},{"key":"bibr50-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199807000-00003"},{"key":"bibr51-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)08468-2"},{"key":"bibr52-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199909100-00009"},{"key":"bibr53-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.50.6.1378"},{"key":"bibr54-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2007.00527.x"},{"key":"bibr55-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000182230.47819.aa"},{"key":"bibr56-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/505709"},{"key":"bibr57-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2007.00537.x"},{"key":"bibr58-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31802bf122"},{"key":"bibr59-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.2.191"},{"key":"bibr60-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn191"},{"key":"bibr61-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181142d26"},{"key":"bibr62-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/498505"},{"key":"bibr63-135965350901400203","unstructured":"Haubrich R.H., Riddler S.A., DiRienzo G. Metabolic outcomes of ACTG5142: a prospective, randomized, Phase III trial of NRTI- PI- and NNRTI-sparing regimens for initial treatment of HIV-1 infection.\n                      14th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections\n                      . 25\u201328 February 2007, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Abstract 38."},{"key":"bibr64-135965350901400203","unstructured":"Wohl D., Lancaster T., DeJesus E. Determination of body composition changes by total body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry after 48 weeks of treatment with once-daily fosamprenavir (FPV) boosted with two different doses of ritonavir(r) plus abacavir (ABC)\/lamivudine (3TC): COL100758.\n                      4th International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention\n                      . 22\u201325 July 2007, Sydney, Australia. Abstract TUPEB080."},{"key":"bibr65-135965350901400203","unstructured":"Carr A., Zajdenverg R., Workman C. Effects of tipranavir\/ritonavir (500\/200 or 500\/100 mg BID) in comparison with lopinavir\/ritonavir (400\/100 mg BID) on changes in body composition and metabolic parameters in ARV-naive patients over 48 weeks.\n                      4th International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment, and Prevention.\n                      22\u201325 July 2007, Sydney, Australia. Abstract TuPeB072."},{"key":"bibr66-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/516616"},{"key":"bibr67-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3282efad32"},{"key":"bibr68-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200404300-00011"},{"key":"bibr69-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200305010-00005"},{"key":"bibr70-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e318158bec9"},{"key":"bibr71-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-133-4-200008150-00009"},{"key":"bibr72-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15489-5"},{"key":"bibr73-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350801300107","volume":"13","author":"Slama L.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antivir Ther"},{"key":"bibr74-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200404300-00025"},{"key":"bibr75-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350701200113","volume":"12","author":"Sutinen J.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antivir Ther"},{"key":"bibr76-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000222072.37749.5a"},{"key":"bibr77-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1310\/hct0904-254"},{"key":"bibr78-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328011220e"},{"key":"bibr79-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350300800507","volume":"8","author":"Martinez E.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antivir Ther"},{"key":"bibr80-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32830a5058"},{"key":"bibr81-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/h05-117"},{"key":"bibr82-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/511683"},{"key":"bibr83-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32801022eb"},{"key":"bibr84-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/367569"},{"key":"bibr85-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0828"},{"key":"bibr86-135965350901400203","unstructured":"McComsey G.A., Kendall M., Tebas P. Alendronate with calcium and vitamin D supplementation is superior to calcium and vitamin D alone in the management of decreased bone mineral density in HIV-infected patients: results of ACTG 5163.\n                      14th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections.\n                      25\u201328 February 2007, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Abstract 42."},{"key":"bibr87-135965350901400203","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO fracture risk assessment tool. (Updated 2008. Accessed 27 June 2008.) Available from http:\/\/www.shef.ac.uk\/FRAX\/reference.htm."},{"key":"bibr88-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200868070-00006"},{"key":"bibr89-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl112"},{"key":"bibr90-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31815acab8"},{"key":"bibr91-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283112b8e"},{"key":"bibr92-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3280b07b33"},{"key":"bibr93-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/428840"},{"key":"bibr94-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328216f15b"},{"key":"bibr95-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/430257"},{"key":"bibr96-135965350901400203","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Towards Universal Access: scaling up priority HIV\/AIDS interventions in the health sector: progress report 2 June 2008. (Accessed 23 March 2009.) Available from http:\/\/www.who.int\/hiv\/mediacentre\/2008progressreport\/en\/index.html."},{"key":"bibr97-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2007.02.020"},{"key":"bibr98-135965350901400203","first-page":"199","volume":"39","author":"Pujari S.N.","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"bibr99-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350701200508","volume":"12","author":"Boulle A.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antivir Ther"},{"key":"bibr100-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.8.5.679"},{"key":"bibr101-135965350901400203","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in adults and adolescents: recommendations for a public health approach. (Updated 7 August 2006. Accessed June 2008.) Available from http:\/\/www.who.int\/hiv\/pub\/guidelines\/en\/."},{"key":"bibr102-135965350901400203","unstructured":"Reid W., St\u00f6hr S., Walker F. Glomerular dysfunction and associated risk factors following initiation of ART in adults with HIV infection in Africa.\n                      World AIDS Conference\n                      . 13\u201318 August 2008, Toronto, ON, Canada. Abstract THAB0105."},{"key":"bibr103-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/521150"},{"key":"bibr104-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000188123.15493.43"},{"key":"bibr105-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2007.00477.x"},{"key":"bibr106-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350601100612","volume":"11","author":"Ssali F.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antivir Ther"},{"key":"bibr107-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2007.00498.x"},{"key":"bibr108-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/518976"},{"key":"bibr109-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/518977"},{"key":"bibr110-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0708975"},{"key":"bibr111-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe0804289"},{"key":"bibr112-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00821-07"},{"key":"bibr113-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20030580"},{"key":"bibr114-135965350901400203","unstructured":"Zingman B., Suleiman J., DeJesus E. Vicriviroc, a next generation CCR5 antagonist, exhibits potent, sustained suppression of viral replication in treatment-experienced adults: VICTOR-E1 48-week results.\n                      15th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections\n                      . 3\u20136 February 2008, Boston, MA, USA. Abstract 39LB."},{"key":"bibr115-135965350901400203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0803152"}],"container-title":["Antiviral Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/135965350901400203","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/135965350901400203","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:48:51Z","timestamp":1777380531000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/135965350901400203"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,1]]},"references-count":115,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/135965350901400203"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/135965350901400203","relation":{},"ISSN":["1359-6535","2040-2058"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1359-6535","type":"print"},{"value":"2040-2058","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,1]]}}}