{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T19:04:42Z","timestamp":1793387082049,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]],"date-time":"2023-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690243200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antiviral Therapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In endemic areas, hepatitis C virus (HCV)\/hepatitis B virus (HBV) coinfection is common, and patients with coinfection have a higher risk of developing liver disease such as hepatocellular carcinoma, liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. In such cases, HCV predominates, and HBV replication is suppressed by HCV. HCV core proteins and interferons that are activated by HCV are responsible for the suppression of HBV. Immunosuppression is also seen in patients with HCV and HBV coinfections. A decrease in HCV-neutralizing antibody response and circulation of Th1-like Tfh cells is observed in patients with HCV and HBV coinfection. Both viruses interacted in the liver, and treatment of HCV\/HBV coinfection is genotype-based and complex due to the interaction of both viruses. In HCV-dominant cases, direct-acting antiviral drugs and peg interferon plus ribavirin are used for the treatment, with continuous monitoring of AST and ALT. HBV-dominant cases are less common and are treated with peg interferon and nucleoside nucleotide analogues with monitoring of AST and ALT. The SVR rate in HCV-HBV coinfection is higher than that in monoinfection when treated with direct-acting antiviral drugs. But there is a risk of reactivation of HBV during and after therapy. The rate of reactivation is lower in patients treated with direct-acting antiviral drugs as compared to those treated with peg interferon plus ribavirin. Biomarkers of HBV such as HBcrAg, HBV DNA and HBVpg RNA are not effective in the prediction of HBV reactivation; only the hepatitis B surface antigen titre can be used as a biomarker for HBV reactivation. HCV can also be reactive, but this is found in very rare cases in which HBV is present and is treated first.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/13596535231189643","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]],"date-time":"2023-07-25T05:24:51Z","timestamp":1690262691000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Hepatitis C virus\/Hepatitis B virus coinfection: Current prospectives"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Quratulain","family":"Maqsood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleena","family":"Sumrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5562-0448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saima","family":"Younas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2965-8266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nazim","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammada","family":"Mahnoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Science, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul","family":"Wajid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Science, Quetta, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042937"},{"key":"bibr2-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14352"},{"key":"bibr3-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S215974"},{"key":"bibr4-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119533481.ch32"},{"issue":"05","key":"bibr5-13596535231189643","first-page":"559","volume":"23","author":"Asim M","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Professional Medical Journal"},{"key":"bibr6-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27337"},{"key":"bibr7-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14218\/JCTH.2018.00016"},{"key":"bibr8-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12519"},{"key":"bibr9-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v18i3.9"},{"key":"bibr10-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2018.10.006"},{"key":"bibr11-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-803233-6.00007-2"},{"key":"bibr12-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-020-04716-1"},{"key":"bibr13-13596535231189643","volume-title":"Global hepatitis report 2017","author":"WHO","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr14-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2055-6640(20)30329-0"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr15-13596535231189643","first-page":"221","volume":"28","author":"Konstantinou D","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Gastroenterol"},{"key":"bibr16-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.03.006"},{"key":"bibr17-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20944"},{"key":"bibr18-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.03.003"},{"key":"bibr19-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.24.15578-15581.2005"},{"key":"bibr20-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12644"},{"key":"bibr21-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.09.014"},{"key":"bibr22-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1997.493"},{"key":"bibr23-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.25225"},{"key":"bibr24-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510280130"},{"key":"bibr25-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19941101)74:9<2442::AID-CNCR2820740909>3.0.CO;2-#"},{"key":"bibr26-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-12-452"},{"key":"bibr27-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.05.043"},{"key":"bibr28-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19990515)85:10<2132::AID-CNCR6>3.0.CO;2-H"},{"key":"bibr29-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000002995"},{"key":"bibr30-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2005.03791.x"},{"key":"bibr31-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064891"},{"key":"bibr32-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.192.11.1545"},{"key":"bibr33-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2008.06.001"},{"key":"bibr34-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep26494"},{"key":"bibr35-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.89574"},{"key":"bibr36-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004858"},{"issue":"8","key":"bibr37-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13106","volume":"26","author":"Wen B","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"bibr38-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11901-010-0060-4"},{"issue":"16","key":"bibr39-13596535231189643","first-page":"1691","volume":"18","author":"Sagnelli E","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"bibr40-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i40.14559"},{"key":"bibr41-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2008.01057.x"},{"key":"bibr42-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep39409"},{"key":"bibr43-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-304370"},{"key":"bibr44-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.1001050"},{"key":"bibr45-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.10.049"},{"key":"bibr46-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22794"},{"key":"bibr47-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ474"},{"key":"bibr48-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29135"},{"key":"bibr49-13596535231189643","volume-title":"Hepatitis B pregenomics RNA splicing and its role in viral persistance","author":"Huei LG","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr50-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139015"},{"key":"bibr51-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1746.2001.02494.x"},{"key":"bibr52-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22951"},{"key":"bibr53-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI135616"},{"key":"bibr54-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-57603-9"},{"key":"bibr55-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2021.105061"},{"key":"bibr56-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-014-2402-7"},{"key":"bibr57-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001872"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr58-13596535231189643","first-page":"37","volume":"5","author":"Komatsu H","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"key":"bibr59-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.11.032"},{"key":"bibr60-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinre.2013.03.002"},{"key":"bibr61-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3350\/kjhep.2011.17.3.199"},{"key":"bibr62-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.11.011"},{"key":"bibr63-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M17-0377"},{"key":"bibr64-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v12070741"},{"key":"bibr65-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50096"},{"key":"bibr66-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2018.11.008"},{"key":"bibr67-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy648"},{"key":"bibr68-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26266"},{"key":"bibr69-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2040622314551934"},{"key":"bibr70-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.01.027"},{"key":"bibr71-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz1097"},{"key":"bibr72-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12754"},{"key":"bibr73-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31060"},{"key":"bibr74-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-015-9675-4"},{"key":"bibr75-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-019-09988-7"},{"key":"bibr76-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.03.026"},{"key":"bibr77-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-016-9717-6"},{"key":"bibr78-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1110008"},{"key":"bibr79-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4166\/kjg.2019.74.5.258"},{"key":"bibr80-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.01.025"},{"key":"bibr81-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13985"},{"key":"bibr82-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP3066"},{"key":"bibr83-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hepr.12919"},{"key":"bibr84-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14177"},{"key":"bibr85-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12737"},{"key":"bibr86-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2016.06.023"},{"key":"bibr87-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12840"},{"key":"bibr88-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.14455"},{"key":"bibr89-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-021-10220-8"},{"key":"bibr90-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/kjm2.12345"},{"key":"bibr91-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(18)30002-5"},{"key":"bibr92-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v11090850"},{"key":"bibr93-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2020.1782189"},{"issue":"9","key":"bibr94-13596535231189643","first-page":"536","volume":"13","author":"Pockros PJ","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr95-13596535231189643","first-page":"759","volume":"51","author":"Bini EJ","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"bibr96-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29082"},{"key":"bibr97-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2016.06.984"},{"key":"bibr98-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdw414"},{"key":"bibr99-13596535231189643","author":"Uleanya ND","year":"2014","journal-title":"Faculty of Paediatrics"},{"key":"bibr100-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.14789"},{"key":"bibr101-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179680"},{"key":"bibr102-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0164210"},{"key":"bibr103-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.8907"},{"key":"bibr104-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v14081812"},{"key":"bibr105-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-022-00649-z"},{"key":"bibr106-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2020.1815530"},{"key":"bibr107-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2021.09.002"},{"key":"bibr108-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl18425"},{"key":"bibr109-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2019.91451"},{"key":"bibr110-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30010-8"},{"key":"bibr111-13596535231189643","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2016.00197"}],"container-title":["Antiviral Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13596535231189643","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/13596535231189643","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13596535231189643","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:53:11Z","timestamp":1777380791000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/13596535231189643"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]]},"references-count":111,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/13596535231189643"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13596535231189643","relation":{},"ISSN":["1359-6535","2040-2058"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1359-6535","type":"print"},{"value":"2040-2058","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]]},"article-number":"13596535231189643"}}