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The reference group consisted of all children born in Malmoe during 1980\u20142005. Obstetric sub-optimality (prematurity, low Apgar scores, growth restriction, or macrosomia) was positively associated with autism but not with Asperger syndrome. Maternal birth outside the Nordic countries was positively associated with autism (adjusted OR: 2.2; 95%CI: 1.6\u20143.1) and negatively associated with Asperger syndrome (OR: 0.6; 95%CI: 0.3\u20140.97). The highest risk estimate for autism was found among children to women who were born in sub-Saharan Africa (OR: 7.3), or in East Asia (OR: 3.4).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361309353614","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,5]],"date-time":"2010-10-05T20:54:01Z","timestamp":1286312041000},"page":"163-183","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["Risk factors for autism and Asperger syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Nils G.S.","family":"Haglund","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Malmoe Child and Youth Habilitation Center, Sweden,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin B.M.","family":"K\u00e4ll\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Reproductive Epidemiology, Tornblad Institute, University of Lund, 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