{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T08:35:37Z","timestamp":1777451737654,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,13]],"date-time":"2018-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1534118400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U10DD000180\/U10DD000181\/U10DD000182\/U10DD000183\/U1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U10DD000180\/U10DD000181\/U10DD000182\/U10DD000183\/U1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Autism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We examined associations between child body mass index at 2\u20135\u2009years and maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index, gestational weight gain, and rapid weight gain during infancy in children with autism spectrum disorder, developmental delays, or population controls. The Study to Explore Early Development is a multi-site case\u2013control study of children, aged 2\u20135\u2009years, classified as autism spectrum disorder ( n\u2009=\u2009668), developmental delays ( n\u2009=\u2009914), or population controls ( n\u2009=\u2009884). Maternal gestational weight gain was compared to the Institute of Medicine recommendations. Rapid weight gain was a change in weight-for-age z-scores from birth to 6\u2009months\u2009&gt;\u20090.67 standard deviations. After adjusting for case status, mothers with pre-pregnancy overweight\/obesity were 2.38 times (95% confidence interval: 1.96\u20132.90) more likely, and mothers who exceeded gestational weight gain recommendations were 1.48 times (95% confidence interval: 1.17\u20131.87) more likely, to have an overweight\/obese child than other mothers ( P\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Children with autism spectrum disorder showed the highest frequency of rapid weight gain (44%) and were 3.47 times (95% confidence interval: 1.85\u20136.51) more likely to be overweight\/obese as children with autism spectrum disorder without rapid weight gain ( P\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Helping mothers achieve a healthy pre-pregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain represent important targets for all children. Healthy infant growth patterns carry special importance for children at increased risk for an autism spectrum disorder diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361318791545","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,13]],"date-time":"2018-08-13T09:40:00Z","timestamp":1534153200000},"page":"954-962","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Early life influences on child weight outcomes in the Study to Explore Early Development"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Tanja VE","family":"Kral","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jesse","family":"Chittams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chyrise B","family":"Bradley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julie L","family":"Daniels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolyn G","family":"DiGuiseppi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan L","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juhi","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer A","family":"Pinto-Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1536-482X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neloufar","family":"Rahai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York University, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"AnnJosette","family":"Ramirez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thomas Jefferson University, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura A","family":"Schieve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aleda","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gayle","family":"Windham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Department of Public Health, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Whitney","family":"York","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drexel University, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan E","family":"Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania, USA"},{"name":"The Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1362361318791545","first-page":"A139","volume":"11","author":"Berkowitz RI","year":"2003","journal-title":"Obesity Research"},{"key":"bibr2-1362361318791545","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-2989"},{"key":"bibr3-1362361318791545","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2014.04.004"},{"key":"bibr4-1362361318791545","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-2077"},{"key":"bibr5-1362361318791545","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2016) A SAS Program for the 2000 CDC Growth Charts (ages 0 to <20\u2009years). 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