{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T18:52:32Z","timestamp":1790103152329,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]],"date-time":"2021-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614211200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005795","name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BMRP844"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BMRP844"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005795","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001868","name":"National Science Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSC 105-2628-B-182A-005 -MY3, 105-2314-B-182 -004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSC 105-2628-B-182A-005 -MY3, 105-2314-B-182 -004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001868","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Autism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The posterior superior temporal sulcus is a potential therapeutic target of brain stimulation for autism spectrum disorder. We conducted a 4-week randomized, single-blind parallel sham-controlled trial, followed by additional 4-week open-label intervention to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy regarding intermittent theta burst stimulation over the bilateral posterior superior temporal sulcus in autism spectrum disorder. In total, 78 intellectually able children and adolescents were randomized to the active ( n\u2009=\u200940) and sham groups ( n\u2009=\u200938). During the first 4\u2009weeks, the active group received two-session\/week intermittent theta burst stimulation, whereas the sham group received the same number of sham stimulation. After unblinding, both groups received eight-session real stimulation over the additional 4\u2009weeks. In total, 91% participants completed the protocol with mild and transitory side-effects. There was no significant group-by-time interaction for active versus sham group on clinical symptoms and social cognitive performances in the first 4\u2009weeks. The within-group analysis revealed 8\u2009weeks (including a 4-week blind trial and a 4-week open-label intervention) of intermittent theta burst stimulation achieved greater efficacy than 4-week interventions. Participants with higher intelligence, better social cognitive performances, alongside less attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder severity at baseline, were more likely to be responders. Our study demonstrated the feasibility of long-term intermittent theta burst stimulation over the posterior superior temporal sulcus in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. However, the findings from the first 4-week blind trial do not support the therapeutic efficacy of intermittent theta burst stimulation over the posterior superior temporal sulcus on the clinical symptoms and cognitive performance of social impairment, given the current stimulation protocol. The exploratory analyses suggest that the therapeutic efficacy might be moderated by several individual characteristics and more intermittent theta burst stimulation sessions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Lay abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intermittent theta burst stimulation is a varied form of repetitive transcranial magnetic non-invasive brain stimulation technique used to treat several neurological and psychiatric disorders. Its feasibility and therapeutic effects on the bilateral posterior superior temporal sulcus in children with autism are unknown. We conducted a single-blind, sham-controlled parallel randomized clinical trial in a hitherto largest sample of intellectually able children with autism ( N\u2009=\u200978). Participants randomized to the active group received two-session\/week intermittent theta burst stimulation for continuous 8\u2009weeks. Those in the sham group received two-session\/week sham stimulations in the first 4\u2009weeks and then active intervention for the following 4\u2009weeks after unblinding. First, we found that continuous 8-week intermittent theta burst stimulation on the bilateral posterior superior temporal sulcus in children with autism is safe and tolerable. Second, we found that 8-week intermittent theta burst stimulation produced greater therapeutic efficacy, although we did not find any significant effects of 4-week intermittent theta burst stimulation on core symptoms and social cognitive performances in autism. Further analysis revealed that participants with higher intelligence and better social cognitive performance, alongside less attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder severity at baseline, were more likely to be responders. This study identified that the factors contribute to responders and the results suggest that longer courses of non-invasive brain stimulation may be needed to produce therapeutic benefits in autism, with consideration of heterogeneous responses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361321990534","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T00:01:46Z","timestamp":1614297706000},"page":"1279-1294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Intermittent theta burst stimulation over the posterior superior temporal sulcus for children with autism spectrum disorder: A 4-week randomized blinded controlled trial followed by another 4-week open-label intervention"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Hsing-Chang","family":"Ni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2934-5814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi-Lung","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asia University, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Ping","family":"Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taiwan"},{"name":"Chang Gung University, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen-Te","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Yu","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie Hsin-Yi","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Chih","family":"Chin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5039-7793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tai-Li","family":"Chou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Taiwan University, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2718-8221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan Shur-Fen","family":"Gau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Taiwan University, Taiwan"},{"name":"National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8666-4013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying-Zu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taiwan"},{"name":"Chang Gung University, Taiwan"},{"name":"National Central University, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsiang-Yuan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Canada"},{"name":"University of Toronto, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abujadi C., Croarkin P. E., Bellini B. B., Brentani H., Marcolin M. A. (2018). Intermittent theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation for autism spectrum disorder: An open-label pilot study. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, 40(3), 309\u2013311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1516-4446-2017-2279","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-4446-2017-2279"},{"key":"bibr2-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ameis S. H., Blumberger D. M., Croarkin P. E., Mabbott D. J., Lai M. C., Desarkar P.Daskalakis Z. J. (2020). Treatment of executive function deficits in autism spectrum disorder with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: A double-blind, sham-controlled, pilot trial. Brain Stimulation, 13(3), 539\u2013547. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2020.01.007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.01.007"},{"key":"bibr3-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anninos P., Chatzimichael A., Adamopoulos A., Kotini A., Tsagas N. (2016). A combined study of MEG and pico-Tesla TMS on children with autism disorder. Journal of Integrative Neuroscience, 15(4), 497\u2013513. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1142\/S0219635216500278","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219635216500278"},{"key":"bibr4-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1198\/000313006X90684"},{"key":"bibr5-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barahona-Correa J. B., Velosa A., Chainho A., Lopes R., Oliveira-Maia A. J. (2018). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment of autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 12, Article 27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnint.2018.00027","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2018.00027"},{"key":"bibr6-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barch D. M., Burgess G. C., Harms M. P., Petersen S. E., Schlaggar B. L., Corbetta M.Consortium W. U.M. H. (2013). Function in the human connectome: Task-fMRI and individual differences in behavior. NeuroImage, 80, 169\u2013189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.05.033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.05.033"},{"key":"bibr7-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00715"},{"key":"bibr8-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baruth J. M., Casanova M. F., El-Baz A., Horrell T., Mathai G., Sears L., Sokhadze E. (2010). Low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) modulates evoked-gamma frequency oscillations in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Journal of Neurotherapy, 14(3), 179\u2013194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10874208.2010.501500","DOI":"10.1080\/10874208.2010.501500"},{"key":"bibr9-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bays H. E. (2019). Alirocumab, decreased mortality, nominal significance, P values, Bayesian statistics, and the duplicity of multiplicity. Circulation, 140(2), 113\u2013116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.041496","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.041496"},{"key":"bibr10-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berlim M. T., Van den Eynde F., Jeff Daskalakis Z. (2013). Clinically meaningful efficacy and acceptability of low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for treating primary major depression: A meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind and sham-controlled trials. Neuropsychopharmacology, 38(4), 543\u2013551. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/npp.2012.237","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2012.237"},{"key":"bibr11-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blumberger D. M., Vila-Rodriguez F., Thorpe K. E., Feffer K., Noda Y., Giacobbe P.Downar J. (2018). Effectiveness of theta burst versus high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with depression (THREE-D): A randomised non-inferiority trial. The Lancet, 391(10131), 1683\u20131692. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30295-2","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30295-2"},{"key":"bibr12-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bodfish J. W., Symons F. J., Parker D. E., Lewis M. H. (2000). Varieties of repetitive behavior in autism: Comparisons to mental retardation. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30(3), 237\u2013243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/a:1005596502855","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005596502855"},{"key":"bibr13-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Button K. S., Ioannidis J. P., Mokrysz C., Nosek B. A., Flint J., Robinson E. S., Munafo M. R. (2013). Power failure: Why small sample size undermines the reliability of neuroscience. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 14(5), 365\u2013376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrn3475","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3475"},{"key":"bibr14-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carew T. J., Pinsker H. M., Kandel E. R. (1972). Long-term habituation of a defensive withdrawal reflex in aplysia. Science, 175(4020), 451\u2013454. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.175.4020.451","DOI":"10.1126\/science.175.4020.451"},{"key":"bibr15-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casanova M. F., Baruth J. M., El-Baz A., Tasman A., Sears L., Sokhadze E. (2012). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) modulates event-related potential (ERP) indices of attention in autism. Translational Neuroscience, 3(2), 170\u2013180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/s13380-012-0022-0","DOI":"10.2478\/s13380-012-0022-0"},{"key":"bibr16-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casanova M. F., Hensley M. K., Sokhadze E. M., El-Baz A. S., Wang Y., Li X., Sears L. (2014). Effects of weekly low-frequency rTMS on autonomic measures in children with autism spectrum disorder. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, Article 851. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00851","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00851"},{"key":"bibr17-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chervyakov A. V., Chernyavsky A. Y., Sinitsyn D. O., Piradov M. A. (2015). Possible mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 9, Article 303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00303","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00303"},{"key":"bibr18-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cole E. J., Enticott P. G., Oberman L. M., Gwynette M. F., Casanova M. F., Jackson S. L. J. rTMS in ASD Consensus Group. (2019). The potential of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for autism spectrum disorder: A consensus statement. Biological Psychiatry, 85(4), e21\u2013e22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2018.06.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2018.06.003"},{"key":"bibr19-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cole E. J., Stimpson K. H., Bentzley B. S., Gulser M., Cherian K., Tischler C.Williams N. R. (2020). Stanford accelerated intelligent neuromodulation therapy for treatment-resistant depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 177(8), 716\u2013726. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.2019.19070720","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2019.19070720"},{"key":"bibr20-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Enticott P. G., Fitzgibbon B. M., Kennedy H. A., Arnold S. L., Elliot D., Peachey A.Fitzgerald P. B. (2014). A double-blind, randomized trial of deep repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for autism spectrum disorder. Brain Stimulation, 7(2), 206\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2013.10.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2013.10.004"},{"key":"bibr21-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Enticott P. G., Kennedy H. A., Zangen A., Fitzgerald P. B. (2011). Deep repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation associated with improved social functioning in a young woman with an autism spectrum disorder. The Journal of ECT, 27(1), 41\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/YCT.0b013e3181f07948","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0b013e3181f07948"},{"key":"bibr22-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Enticott P. G., Rinehart N. J., Tonge B. J., Bradshaw J. L., Fitzgerald P. B. (2012). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) improves movement-related cortical potentials in autism spectrum disorders. Brain Stimulation, 5(1), 30\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2011.02.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2011.02.001"},{"key":"bibr23-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faul F., Erdfelder E., Buchner A., Lang A. G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41(4), 1149\u20131160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149"},{"key":"bibr24-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fecteau S., Agosta S., Oberman L., Pascual-Leone A. (2011). Brain stimulation over Broca\u2019s area differentially modulates naming skills in neurotypical adults and individuals with Asperger\u2019s syndrome. European Journal of Neuroscience, 34(1), 158\u2013164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2011.07726.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2011.07726.x"},{"key":"bibr25-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuchs E., Flugge G. (2014). Adult neuroplasticity: More than 40 years of research. Neural Plasticity, 2014, Article 541870. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/541870","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/541870"},{"key":"bibr26-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gamboa O. L., Antal A., Moliadze V., Paulus W. (2010). Simply longer is not better: Reversal of theta burst after-effect with prolonged stimulation. Experimental Brain Research, 204(2), 181\u2013187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00221-010-2293-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-010-2293-4"},{"key":"bibr27-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gau S. S.F., Liu L.T., Wu Y.Y., Chiu Y.N., Tsai W.C. (2013). Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the social responsiveness scale. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 7(2), 349\u2013360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rasd.2012.10.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2012.10.004"},{"key":"bibr28-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldsworthy M. R., Pitcher J. B., Ridding M. C. (2012). The application of spaced theta burst protocols induces long-lasting neuroplastic changes in the human motor cortex. European Journal of Neuroscience, 35(1), 125\u2013134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2011.07924.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2011.07924.x"},{"key":"bibr29-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gollo L. L., Roberts J. A., Cocchi L. (2017). Mapping how local perturbations influence systems-level brain dynamics. NeuroImage, 160, 97\u2013112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.01.057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.01.057"},{"key":"bibr30-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomez L., Vidal B., Maragoto C., Morales L. M., Berrillo S., Vera Cuesta H.Robinson M. (2017). Non-invasive brain stimulation for children with autism spectrum disorders: A short-term outcome study. Behavioral Sciences, 7(3), Article 63. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs7030063","DOI":"10.3390\/bs7030063"},{"key":"bibr31-1362361321990534","volume-title":"Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions","author":"Green J. P. H. S","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr32-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gross C., Hoffmann A., Bassell G. J., Berry-Kravis E. M. (2015). Therapeutic strategies in fragile X syndrome: From bench to bedside and back. Neurotherapeutics, 12(3), 584\u2013608. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13311-015-0355-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0355-9"},{"key":"bibr33-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gross M., Nakamura L., Pascual-Leone A., Fregni F. (2007). Has repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) treatment for depression improved? A systematic review and meta-analysis comparing the recent vs. the earlier rTMS studies. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 116(3), 165\u2013173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2007.01049.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2007.01049.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr34-1362361321990534","first-page":"1","volume":"16","author":"Health Quality Ontario","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ontario Health Technology Assessment Series"},{"key":"bibr35-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong Y. H., Wu S. W., Pedapati E. V., Horn P. S., Huddleston D. A., Laue C. S., Gilbert D. L. (2015). Safety and tolerability of theta burst stimulation vs. single and paired pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation: A comparative study of 165 pediatric subjects. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 9, Article 29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00029","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00029"},{"key":"bibr36-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hotier S., Leroy F., Boisgontier J., Laidi C., Mangin J. F., Delorme R.Houenou J. (2017). Social cognition in autism is associated with the neurodevelopment of the posterior superior temporal sulcus. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 136(5), 517\u2013525. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/acps.12814","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12814"},{"key":"bibr37-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsu Y. F., Liao K. K., Lee P. L., Tsai Y. A., Yeh C. L., Lai K. L.Lee I. H. (2011). Intermittent theta burst stimulation over primary motor cortex enhances movement-related beta synchronisation. Clinical Neurophysiology, 122(11), 2260\u20132267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2011.03.027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2011.03.027"},{"key":"bibr38-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang Y. Z., Edwards M. J., Rounis E., Bhatia K. P., Rothwell J. C. (2005). Theta burst stimulation of the human motor cortex. Neuron, 45(2), 201\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.12.033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.12.033"},{"key":"bibr39-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang Y. Z., Rothwell J. C., Chen R. S., Lu C. S., Chuang W. L. (2011). The theoretical model of theta burst form of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Clinical Neurophysiology, 122(5), 1011\u20131018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.08.016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.08.016"},{"key":"bibr40-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hunter A. M., Minzenberg M. J., Cook I. A., Krantz D. E., Levitt J. G., Rotstein N. M.Leuchter A. F. (2019). Concomitant medication use and clinical outcome of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) treatment of major depressive disorder. Brain and Behavior, 9(5), Article e01275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/brb3.1275","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1275"},{"key":"bibr41-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacobson N. S., Truax P. (1991). Clinical significance: A statistical approach to defining meaningful change in psychotherapy research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59(1), 12\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/\/0022-006x.59.1.12","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-006X.59.1.12"},{"key":"bibr42-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson M. H. (2017). Autism as an adaptive common variant pathway for human brain development. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 25, 5\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dcn.2017.02.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2017.02.004"},{"key":"bibr43-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klomjai W., Katz R., Lackmy-Vallee A. (2015). Basic principles of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and repetitive TMS (rTMS). Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 58(4), 208\u2013213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rehab.2015.05.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2015.05.005"},{"key":"bibr44-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lefaucheur J. P., Aleman A., Baeken C., Benninger D. H., Brunelin J., Di Lazzaro V.Ziemann U. (2020). Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS): An update (2014-2018). Clinical Neurophysiology, 131(2), 474\u2013528. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.11.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.11.002"},{"key":"bibr45-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leonard B. E., McCartan D., White J., King D. J. (2004). Methylphenidate: A review of its neuropharmacological, neuropsychological and adverse clinical effects. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 19(3), 151\u2013180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hup.579","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.579"},{"key":"bibr46-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li C. T., Chen M. H., Juan C. H., Huang H. H., Chen L. F., Hsieh J. C.Su T. P. (2014). Efficacy of prefrontal theta-burst stimulation in refractory depression: A randomized sham-controlled study. Brain, 137(Pt7), 2088\u20132098. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awu109","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu109"},{"key":"bibr47-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li T. S., Liu C. M., Liu C. C., Hsieh M. H., Lin Y. T., Wang E. N.Chou T. L. (2020). Social cognition in schizophrenia: A network-based approach to a Taiwanese version of the Reading the Mind in the Eyes test. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, 119(1 Pt. 3), 439\u2013448. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfma.2019.08.008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2019.08.008"},{"key":"bibr48-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lisanby S. H., Gutman D., Luber B., Schroeder C., Sackeim H. A. (2001). Sham TMS: Intracerebral measurement of the induced electrical field and the induction of motor-evoked potentials. Biological Psychiatry, 49(5), 460\u2013463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0006-3223(00)01110-0","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)01110-0"},{"key":"bibr49-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lord C., Brugha T. S., Charman T., Cusack J., Dumas G., Frazier T.Veenstra-VanderWeele J. (2020). Autism spectrum disorder. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 6(1), Article 5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41572-019-0138-4","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0138-4"},{"key":"bibr50-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005592401947"},{"key":"bibr51-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maan Z., Al-Singary W., Shergill I., Joseph J. V., Arya M., Patel H. R. (2004). Alternative use of botulinum toxin in urology. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 5(5), 1015\u20131021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1517\/14656566.5.5.1015","DOI":"10.1517\/eoph.5.5.1015.31089"},{"key":"bibr52-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mauelshagen J., Sherff C. M., Carew T. J. (1998). Differential induction of long-term synaptic facilitation by spaced and massed applications of serotonin at sensory neuron synapses of Aplysia californica. Learning & Memory, 5(3), 246\u2013256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/lm.5.3.246","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.5.3.246"},{"key":"bibr53-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McClintock S. M., Reti I. M., Carpenter L. L., McDonald W. M., Dubin M., Taylor S. F. National Network of Depression Centers rTMS Task Group and the American Psychiatric Association Council on Research Task Force on Novel Biomarkers and Treatments. (2018). Consensus recommendations for the clinical application of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in the treatment of depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 79(1), Article 16cs10905. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4088\/JCP.16cs10905","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.16cs10905"},{"key":"bibr54-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meintzschel F., Ziemann U. (2006). Modification of practice-dependent plasticity in human motor cortex by neuromodulators. Cerebral Cortex, 16(8), 1106\u20131115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhj052","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhj052"},{"key":"bibr55-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mottron L., Bzdok D. (2020). Autism spectrum heterogeneity: Fact or artifact? Molecular Psychiatry, 25, 3178\u20133185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41380-020-0748-y","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-0748-y"},{"key":"bibr56-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ni H. C., Hung J., Wu C. T., Wu Y. Y., Chang C. J., Chen R. S., Huang Y. Z. (2017). The impact of single session intermittent theta-burst stimulation over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and posterior superior temporal sulcus on adults with autism spectrum disorder. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 11, Article 255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2017.00255","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00255"},{"key":"bibr57-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oberman L. M., Enticott P. G., Casanova M. F., Rotenberg A., Pascual-Leone A., McCracken J. T. The TMS in ASD Consensus Group. (2016). Transcranial magnetic stimulation in autism spectrum disorder: Challenges, promise, and roadmap for future research. Autism Research, 9(2), 184\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aur.1567","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1567"},{"key":"bibr58-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Reardon J. P., Solvason H. B., Janicak P. G., Sampson S., Isenberg K. E., Nahas Z.Sackeim H. A. (2007). Efficacy and safety of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the acute treatment of major depression: A multisite randomized controlled trial. Biological Psychiatry, 62(11), 1208\u20131216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.01.018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.01.018"},{"key":"bibr59-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Padmanabhan A., Lynch C. J., Schaer M., Menon V. (2017). The default mode network in autism. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 2(6), 476\u2013486. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpsc.2017.04.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2017.04.004"},{"key":"bibr60-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panerai S., Tasca D., Lanuzza B., Trubia G., Ferri R., Musso S.Elia M. (2014). Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in performing eye-hand integration tasks: Four preliminary studies with children showing low-functioning autism. Autism, 18(6), 638\u2013650. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1362361313495717","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361313495717"},{"key":"bibr61-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poulin-Lord M. P., Barbeau E. B., Soulieres I., Monchi O., Doyon J., Benali H., Mottron L. (2014). Increased topographical variability of task-related activation in perceptive and motor associative regions in adult autistics. NeuroImage: Clinical, 4, 444\u2013453. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nicl.2014.02.008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2014.02.008"},{"key":"bibr62-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Power J. D., Cohen A. L., Nelson S. M., Wig G. S., Barnes K. A., Church J. A.Petersen S. E. (2011). Functional network organization of the human brain. Neuron, 72(4), 665\u2013678. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.09.006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.09.006"},{"key":"bibr63-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saitovitch A., Popa T., Lemaitre H., Rechtman E., Lamy J. C., Grevent D.Zilbovicius M. (2016). Tuning eye-gaze perception by transitory STS inhibition. Cerebral Cortex, 26(6), 2823\u20132831. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhw045","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhw045"},{"key":"bibr64-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwippel T., Schroeder P. A., Fallgatter A. J., Plewnia C. (2019). Clinical review: The therapeutic use of theta-burst stimulation in mental disorders and tinnitus. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 92, 285\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2019.01.014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2019.01.014"},{"key":"bibr65-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sokhadze E., Baruth J., Tasman A., Mansoor M., Ramaswamy R., Sears L.Casanova M. F. (2010). Low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) affects event-related potential measures of novelty processing in autism. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 35(2), 147\u2013161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10484-009-9121-2","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-009-9121-2"},{"key":"bibr66-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sokhadze E. M., Baruth J. M., Sears L., Sokhadze G. E., El-Baz A. S., Casanova M. F. (2012). Prefrontal neuromodulation using rTMS improves error monitoring and correction function in autism. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 37(2), 91\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10484-012-9182-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-012-9182-5"},{"key":"bibr67-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sokhadze E. M., El-Baz A., Baruth J., Mathai G., Sears L., Casanova M. F. (2009). Effects of low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on gamma frequency oscillations and event-related potentials during processing of illusory figures in autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39(4), 619\u2013634. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-008-0662-7","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-008-0662-7"},{"key":"bibr68-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sokhadze E. M., El-Baz A. S., Tasman A., Sears L. L., Wang Y., Lamina E. V., Casanova M. F. (2014). Neuromodulation integrating rTMS and neurofeedback for the treatment of autism spectrum disorder: An exploratory study. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 39(3\u20134), 237\u2013257. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10484-014-9264-7","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-014-9264-7"},{"key":"bibr69-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sokhadze E. M., Lamina E. V., Casanova E. L., Kelly D. P., Opris I., Tasman A., Casanova M. F. (2018). Exploratory study of rTMS neuromodulation effects on electrocortical functional measures of performance in an Oddball Test and behavioral symptoms in autism. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience, 12, Article 20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnsys.2018.00020","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2018.00020"},{"key":"bibr70-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Urban K. R., Li Y. C., Gao W. J. (2013). Treatment with a clinically-relevant dose of methylphenidate alters NMDA receptor composition and synaptic plasticity in the juvenile rat prefrontal cortex. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 101, 65\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nlm.2013.01.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2013.01.004"},{"key":"bibr71-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Overwalle F., Baetens K. (2009). Understanding others\u2019 actions and goals by mirror and mentalizing systems: A meta-analysis. NeuroImage, 48(3), 564\u2013584. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.06.009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.06.009"},{"key":"bibr72-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"White S. J., Coniston D., Rogers R., Frith U. (2011). Developing the Frith\u2013Happe animations: A quick and objective test of Theory of Mind for adults with autism. Autism Research, 4(2), 149\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aur.174","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.174"},{"key":"bibr73-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang D. Y., Rosenblau G., Keifer C., Pelphrey K. A. (2015). An integrative neural model of social perception, action observation, and theory of mind. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 51, 263\u2013275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.01.020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.01.020"},{"key":"bibr74-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang Y. C., Lu L., Jeng S. F., Tsao P. N., Cheong P. L., Li Y. J.Wu Y. T. (2019). Multidimensional developments and free-play movement tracking in 30- to 36-month-old toddlers with autism spectrum disorder who were full term. Physical Therapy, 99(11), 1535\u20131550. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ptj\/pzz114","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzz114"},{"key":"bibr75-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yatawara C. J., Einfeld S. L., Hickie I. B., Davenport T. A., Guastella A. J. (2016). The effect of oxytocin nasal spray on social interaction deficits observed in young children with autism: A randomized clinical crossover trial. Molecular Psychiatry, 21(9), 1225\u20131231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/mp.2015.162","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2015.162"},{"key":"bibr76-1362361321990534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yip A. G., George M. S., Tendler A., Roth Y., Zangen A., Carpenter L. L. (2017). 61% of unmedicated treatment resistant depression patients who did not respond to acute TMS treatment responded after four weeks of twice weekly deep TMS in the Brainsway pivotal trial. Brain Stimulation, 10(4), 847\u2013849. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2017.02.013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.02.013"}],"container-title":["Autism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1362361321990534","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1362361321990534","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1362361321990534","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:51:27Z","timestamp":1777380687000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1362361321990534"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1362361321990534"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1362361321990534","relation":{},"ISSN":["1362-3613","1461-7005"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1362-3613","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-7005","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]]}}}