{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T18:04:38Z","timestamp":1791914678026,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]],"date-time":"2022-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661212800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01-MH-104370"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01-MH-104370"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Struengmann Fund"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006511","name":"Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006511","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"UCT PERC Programme"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Autism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Most autism research has been conducted in high-income countries, with participants typically from White, upper-middle-income families. Given the disparities experienced by autistic individuals living in underserved communities globally, there is a critical need for research to include individuals from culturally, linguistically, socioeconomically, and geographically diverse backgrounds to understand their unique needs. Qualitative research has the potential to describe the \u201clived experience\u201d of families historically underrepresented in the autism literature. Here we describe the logistical and methodological challenges of conducting focus group discussions with 22 caregivers of young autistic children living in Cape Town, South Africa. Logistical challenges included (1) recruitment, (2) response rate, and (3) resource access. Methodological challenges included (1) participant background and experiences, (2) interpersonal dynamics, and (3) research ethics. We present recommendations based on lessons learned to reduce these challenges and improve rigorous qualitative research practices in similar low-resource contexts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Lay abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Most of the autism research to date has been conducted in high-income countries, with children and families typically from White, upper-middle-income backgrounds. However, we know there are significant inequalities that exist which influence how autistic individuals from diverse, underserved communities can access services they need. As many of these individuals have not been included in the majority of autism research to date, there is much we do not know about these individuals\u2019 life experiences, which are critically needed to better inform the development and implementation of care for families from historically underrepresented groups. In this article, we describe the research process we took to conduct focus group discussions with 22 caregivers of young autistic children living in Cape Town, South Africa. We specifically describe the lessons we learned in implementing these focus groups and provide recommendations aimed at how to best reduce logistical and methodological challenges moving forward to improve research conducted in similar low-resource contexts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613221117012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T00:57:48Z","timestamp":1661302668000},"page":"751-761","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Conducting caregiver focus groups on autism in the context of an international research collaboration: Logistical and methodological lessons learned in South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3210-3453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessy","family":"Guler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kansas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kearsley A","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke University, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petrus J","family":"de Vries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noleen","family":"Seris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nokuthula","family":"Shabalala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4434-7500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren","family":"Franz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke University, USA"},{"name":"University of Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-13623613221117012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/fmch-2021-001098"},{"key":"bibr2-13623613221117012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6706a1"},{"key":"bibr3-13623613221117012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14330237.2020.1842584"},{"key":"bibr4-13623613221117012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1363461520953342"},{"key":"bibr5-13623613221117012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2016.02.003"},{"key":"bibr6-13623613221117012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S104909651700124X"},{"key":"bibr7-13623613221117012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000297"},{"key":"bibr8-13623613221117012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.239"},{"key":"bibr9-13623613221117012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2989\/17280583.2018.1525386"},{"key":"bibr10-13623613221117012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1766"},{"key":"bibr11-13623613221117012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2005.0096"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr12-13623613221117012","volume":"16","author":"Gona J. K.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rural and Remote Health"},{"key":"bibr13-13623613221117012","volume-title":"Applied thematic analysis","author":"Guest G.","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr14-13623613221117012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361317716604"},{"key":"bibr15-13623613221117012","volume-title":"Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind","volume":"2","author":"Hofstede G.","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr16-13623613221117012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1468794111416145"},{"key":"bibr17-13623613221117012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/pm.2019.03.04"},{"key":"bibr18-13623613221117012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01541-5"},{"key":"bibr19-13623613221117012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/pm.2019.07.08"},{"key":"bibr20-13623613221117012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsr1405012"},{"key":"bibr21-13623613221117012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0081246317696453"},{"key":"bibr22-13623613221117012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30309-7"},{"key":"bibr23-13623613221117012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361320978042"},{"key":"bibr24-13623613221117012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613211067324"},{"key":"bibr25-13623613221117012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14330237.2008.10820249"},{"key":"bibr26-13623613221117012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-020-01168-8"},{"key":"bibr27-13623613221117012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-1895G"},{"key":"bibr28-13623613221117012","volume-title":"Education white paper 6: Special needs education: Building an inclusive education and training system","author":"South Africa Department of Education","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr29-13623613221117012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7196\/sajch.530"},{"key":"bibr30-13623613221117012","author":"Statistics South Africa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inequality trends in South Africa: A multidimensional diagnostic of inequality"},{"key":"bibr31-13623613221117012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-6405.2009.00358.x"},{"key":"bibr32-13623613221117012","unstructured":"The World Bank. (2019). Gini index (World Bank estimate). https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SI.POV.GINI\/"},{"key":"bibr33-13623613221117012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30875\/b51b2f2c-en"},{"key":"bibr34-13623613221117012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-019-04131-9"},{"key":"bibr35-13623613221117012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-3010"}],"container-title":["Autism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13623613221117012","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/13623613221117012","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13623613221117012","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:50:24Z","timestamp":1777380624000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/13623613221117012"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/13623613221117012"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13623613221117012","relation":{},"ISSN":["1362-3613","1461-7005"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1362-3613","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-7005","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]]}}}