{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T08:46:37Z","timestamp":1777452397177,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]],"date-time":"2023-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686268800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000269","name":"Economic and Social Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ES\/P000681\/1, Project Number: 1943784"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ES\/P000681\/1, Project Number: 1943784"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Autism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Little attention has been given to the voice of autistic individuals during the development of theories that are trying to explain the condition. This can often make individuals feel that they have to fit into the theory\u2019s definition, rather than it fitting into their experience. We aimed to understand to what extent the HIPPEA (High, Inflexible Precision of Prediction Errors in Autism) theory resonates with the lived experiences of autistic individuals. We conducted 21 questionnaires and 8 follow-up interviews and used a hybrid (deductive and inductive) approach to analyse the data. Based on the participants\u2019 views, HIPPEA provides an explanation for many of the lived experiences of autistic individuals. However, refinement is needed with respect to interpersonal interactions, emotional processing and individuals\u2019 motivation to engage with their environment despite challenges with the way the world is organised. Furthermore, more details are needed for the theory to accurately allow us to understand autism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Lay Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Autism is a condition comprised of difficulties in social and communication contexts, sensory sensitivities as well as restrictive and repetitive behaviours. Many theories have tried to explain all the symptoms and behaviours associated with autism. We focus on one recent theory \u2013 High, Inflexible Precision of Prediction Errors in Autism (HIPPEA). We aim to understand how much this theory fits the experiences of autistic individuals. We collected data through 21 online questionnaires and 8 follow-up interviews. One of our participants was a parent of an autistic child, and the remaining were adults who reported a diagnosis of autism. We analysed the data by thinking about how it fitted with what we already knew and by looking for new insights which came up. Our results suggest that autistic individuals can make generalisations but that this happens more slowly across both social and non-social areas. These generalisations are very reliant on detail \u2013 in computer terms, they are \u2018pixelated\u2019. This is in line with what HIPPEA suggests. We also showed that autistic individuals can be motivated to explore and engage socially, something that needs more consideration within HIPPEA. Overall, this study shows that HIPPEA can explain many autistic experiences, but that further refinement is needed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613231176714","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]],"date-time":"2023-06-09T08:00:26Z","timestamp":1686297626000},"page":"498-509","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The world is nuanced but pixelated: Autistic individuals\u2019 perspective on HIPPEA"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8378-8619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Greta Krasimirova","family":"Todorova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosalind Elizabeth Mcbean","family":"Hatton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarveen","family":"Sadique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7212-4622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank Earl","family":"Pollick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-13623613231176714","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"bibr2-13623613231176714","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03081060.2017.1355882"},{"key":"bibr3-13623613231176714","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bergman M. A., Vrijsen J. N., Rinck M., van Oostrom I., Kan C. C., Collard R. M., van Eijndhoven P., Vissers C. T. W. M., Schene A. H. (2021). Is a negative attentional bias in individuals with autism spectrum disorder explained by comorbid depression? An eye-tracking study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51(11), 4213\u20134226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S10803-021-04880-6\/TABLES\/3","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-021-04880-6"},{"key":"bibr4-13623613231176714","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.529193"},{"key":"bibr5-13623613231176714","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2021.08.006"},{"key":"bibr6-13623613231176714","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa"},{"key":"bibr7-13623613231176714","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/13620-004"},{"key":"bibr8-13623613231176714","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14780887.2020.1769238"},{"key":"bibr9-13623613231176714","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2012.02.007"},{"key":"bibr10-13623613231176714","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09687599.2017.1320273"},{"key":"bibr11-13623613231176714","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11245-018-9546-4"},{"key":"bibr12-13623613231176714","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08856257.2017.1312797"},{"key":"bibr13-13623613231176714","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797612463582"},{"key":"bibr14-13623613231176714","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1754073914558466"},{"key":"bibr15-13623613231176714","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10804-017-9278-5"},{"key":"bibr16-13623613231176714","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2895-08.2008"},{"key":"bibr17-13623613231176714","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012214640-4\/50011-5"},{"key":"bibr18-13623613231176714","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/mic.3.2.114"},{"key":"bibr19-13623613231176714","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0952695113484320"},{"key":"bibr20-13623613231176714","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nst101"},{"key":"bibr21-13623613231176714","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315101699"},{"key":"bibr22-13623613231176714","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2787"},{"key":"bibr23-13623613231176714","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0098848"},{"key":"bibr24-13623613231176714","volume-title":"Deductive qualitative analysis as middle ground: Theory-guided qualitative research","author":"Gilgun J. 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