{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T01:03:54Z","timestamp":1793754234375,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733184000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733184000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Laura Fergusson Trust and Joyce Fisher Endowment Fund Trust","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Autism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Many autistic youth have complex healthcare needs, resulting in high rates of health service utilization. However, many characteristics of this health service utilization remain unknown. Using whole-of-population data, this study aimed to quantify and compare rates of psychiatric and non-psychiatric health service utilization among autistic and non-autistic youth, with and without co-occurring intellectual disability. A national retrospective cohort study was employed using linked individual-level administrative data for Aotearoa New Zealand youth (aged 0\u201324\u2009years). Health service utilization outcomes included 11 psychiatric and non-psychiatric domains. Propensity score matching on a range of sociodemographic measures compared groups across health service utilization outcomes. Data were obtained for 19,479 autistic youth, 29% of whom had a co-occurring intellectual disability and 1,561,278 non-autistic youth. Results demonstrated higher rates of mental health service utilization among autistic compared with non-autistic youth, including inpatient (prevalence ratio 5.85; 95% confidence interval 4.93\u20136.94) and outpatient (prevalence ratio 4.96; 95% confidence interval 4.75\u20135.18) service use and psychotropic medication dispensing (prevalence ratio 6.83; 95% confidence interval 6.65\u20137.02), particularly among autistic youth without intellectual disability. Rates of non-psychiatric hospital admissions (prevalence ratio 1.93; 95% confidence interval 1.85\u20132.01), potentially avoidable hospitalizations (prevalence ratio 1.91; 95% confidence interval 1.82\u20132.00) and outpatient visits (prevalence ratio 1.99; 95% confidence interval 1.95\u20132.01) were also higher among autistic youth. Research implications for delivery of healthcare services are discussed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Lay abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Autistic youth generally use healthcare services more often than non-autistic youth. However, we know very little about the factors that can affect health service use and the types of services that are used, and this has not been explored in Aotearoa New Zealand. We analysed data from New Zealand to compare health service use among autistic and non-autistic youth (0 to 24-year-olds). Data were available for 19,479 autistic youth and 1,561,278 non-autistic youth. We compared hospitalizations, specialist visits, emergency department visits and use of different types of medications. In this study, autistic youth were found to have been hospitalized for medical and mental health reasons, more often than non-autistic youth. Autistic youth were also more likely to have attended specialist appointments and to have been given medication. These differences were particularly large for medications commonly used for mental health conditions (e.g. anxiety, depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) or associated symptoms. Autistic youth who also had an intellectual disability were more likely to use healthcare services for physical health conditions, but were less likely to use mental health services, when compared with autistic youth who did not have an intellectual disability. These findings, along with other research, suggest that the healthcare needs of autistic youth are not always being met. Further work is needed to enhance our understanding of co-occurring conditions among autistic youth, including those that result in high rates of health service use, in order to inform the development of healthcare services and training for healthcare professionals to better cater to the needs of autistic youth.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613241298352","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T07:55:38Z","timestamp":1733212538000},"page":"1143-1156","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Health service utilization among autistic youth in Aotearoa New Zealand: A nationwide cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7002-3695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurie K","family":"McLay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Te Whare W\u0101nanga o Waitaha, University of Canterbury, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6799-6779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip J","family":"Schluter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Te Whare W\u0101nanga o Waitaha, University of Canterbury, New Zealand"},{"name":"The University of Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Otago, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Anns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Monk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Te Whare W\u0101nanga o Waitaha, University of Canterbury, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanne","family":"Dacombe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Otago, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabrielle","family":"Hogg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3123-0805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Tupou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Te Herenga Waka, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Troy","family":"Ruhe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Otago, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taylor","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Te Whare W\u0101nanga o Waitaha, University of Canterbury, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9596-8636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma","family":"Woodford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Te Whare W\u0101nanga o Waitaha, University of Canterbury, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiran","family":"Thabrew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4589-9956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas","family":"Bowden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Otago, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00c5slund L. Arnberg F. Kanstrup M. Lekander M. (2018). Cognitive and behavioral interventions to improve sleep in school-age children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine 14(11) 1937\u20131947. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5664\/jcsm.7498","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.7498"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","unstructured":"Atkinson J. Salmond C. Crampton P. (2020 December). NZDep2018 Index of Deprivation final research report. University of Otago. https:\/\/www.otago.ac.nz\/__data\/assets\/pdf_file\/0020\/326711\/nzdep2018-index-of-deprivation-research-report-final-dec-2020-823833.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Babalola T. Sanguedolce G. Dipper L. Botting N. (2024). Barriers and facilitators of healthcare access for autistic children in the UK: A systematic review. Review Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders. Advance online publication. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40489-023-00420-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s40489-023-00420-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barrett B. Mosweu I. Jones C. R. Charman T. Baird G. Simonoff E. Pickles A. Happ\u00e9 F. Byford S. (2015). Comparing service use and costs among adolescents with autism spectrum disorders special needs and typical development. Autism 19(5) 562\u2013569. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1362361314536626","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361314536626"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benchimol E. I. Smeeth L. Guttmann A. Harron K. Moher D. Petersen I. S\u00f8rensen H. T. von Elm E. Langan S. M. Committee R. W. (2015). The REporting of studies Conducted using Observational Routinely-collected health Data (RECORD) statement. PLoS Medicine 12(10) Article e1001885. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001885","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001885"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benevides T. W. Carretta H. J. Graves K. Y. Sikka V. (2020). Emergency department use among young adult Medicare beneficiaries with autism and intellectual disabilities. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 70 101470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rasd.2019.101470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2019.101470"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bowden N. Gibb S. Audas R. Clendon S. Dacombe J. Kokaua J. Milne B. J. Mujoo H. Murray S. W. Smiler K. Stace H. van der Meer L. Taylor B. J. (2022). Association between high-need education-based funding and school suspension rates for autistic students in New Zealand. JAMA Pediatrics 176(7) 664\u2013671. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2022.1296","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2022.1296"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bowden N. Thabrew H. Kokaua J. Audas R. Milne B. Smiler K. Stace H. Taylor B. Gibb S. (2020). Autism spectrum disorder\/Takiw\u0101tanga: An Integrated Data Infrastructure-based approach to autism spectrum disorder research in New Zealand. Autism 24(8) 2213\u20132227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1362361320939329","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361320939329"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bowden N. Thabrew H. Kokaua J. Braund R. (2020). National prescribing rates and polypharmacy for children and young people in New Zealand with and without autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 78 101642. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rasd.2020.101642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2020.101642"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Broder-Fingert S. Shui A. Ferrone C. Iannuzzi D. Cheng E. R. Giauque A. Connors S. McDougle C. J. Donelan K. Neumeyer A. Kuhlthau K. (2016). A pilot study of autism-specific care plans during hospital admission. Pediatrics 137(2 Suppl.) S196\u2013S204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2015-2851R","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-2851R"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","unstructured":"Christou E. (2016 July). A spectrum of obstacles \u2013 an inquiry into access to healthcare for autistic people. Westminster Autism Commission. https:\/\/westminsterautismcommission.wordpress.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/ar1011_ncg-autism-report-july-2016.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cidav Z. Lawer L. Marcus S. C. Mandell D. S. (2013). Age-related variation in health service use and associated expenditures among children with autism. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders 43(4) 924\u2013931. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-012-1637-2","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-012-1637-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cooper K. Loades M. E. Russell A. J. (2018). Adapting psychological therapies for autism \u2013 Therapist experience skills and confidence. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorder 45 43\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rasd.2017.11.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2017.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Croen L. A. Najjar D. V. Ray G. T. Lotspeich L. Bernal P. (2006). A comparison of health care utilization and costs of children with and without autism spectrum disorders in a large group-model health plan. Pediatrics 118(4) e1203\u2013e1211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2006-0127","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-0127"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cummings J. R. Lynch F. L. Rust K. C. Coleman K. J. Madden J. M. Owen-Smith A. A. Yau V. M. Qian Y. Pearson K. A. Crawford P. M. Massolo M. L. Quinn V. P. Croen L. A. (2016). Health services utilization among children with and without autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders 46(3) 910\u2013920. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-015-2634-z","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-015-2634-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davignon M. N. Qian Y. Massolo M. Croen L. A. (2018). Psychiatric and medical conditions in transition-aged individuals with ASD. Pediatrics 141(4 Suppl.) S335\u2013S345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2016-4300K","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-4300K"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deavenport-Saman A. Lu Y. Smith K. Yin L. (2016). Do children with autism overutilize the emergency department? Examining visit urgency and subsequent hospital admissions. Maternal & Child Health Journal 20(2) 306\u2013314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10995-015-1830-y","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-015-1830-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dhanasekara C. S. Ancona D. Cortes L. Hu A. Rimu A. H. Robohm-Leavitt C. Payne D. Wakefield S. M. Mastergeorge A. M. Kahathuduwa C. N. (2023). Association between autism spectrum disorders and cardiometabolic diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics 177(3) 248\u2013257. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2022.5629","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2022.5629"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Downs J. Hotopf M. Ford T. Simonoff E. Jackson R. G. Shetty H. Stewart R. Hayes R. D. (2016). Clinical predictors of antipsychotic use in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders: A historical open cohort study using electronic health records. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 25(6) 649\u2013658. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-015-0780-7","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-015-0780-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Etyemez S. Esler A. Kini A. Tsai P. C. DiRienzo M. Maenner M. Lee L. C. (2022). The role of intellectual disability with autism spectrum disorder and the documented cooccurring conditions: A population-based study. Autism Research 15(12) 2399\u20132408. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aur.2831","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2831"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Genovese A. C. Butler M. G. (2024). Behavioral and psychiatric disorders in syndromic autism. Brain Sciences 14(4) 343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci14040343","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14040343"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_1","unstructured":"Gibb S. Bycroft C. Matheson-Dunning N. (2016 April). Identifying the New Zealand resident population in the Integrated Data Infrastructure (IDI). Statistics New Zealand. https:\/\/www.stats.govt.nz\/assets\/Research\/Identifying-the-New-Zealand-resident-population-in-the-Integrated-Data-Infrastructure\/identifying-nz-resident-population-in-idi.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldman S. E. Richdale A. L. Clemons T. Malow B. A. (2012). Parental sleep concerns in autism spectrum disorders: Variations from childhood to adolescence. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders 42(4) 531\u2013538. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-011-1270-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-011-1270-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta N. Gupta M. (2023). Diagnostic overshadowing in high-functioning autism: Mirtazapine buspirone and modified cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) as treatment options. Cureus 15(5) e39446. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.39446","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.39446"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gurney J. G. McPheeters M. L. Davis M. M. (2006). Parental report of health conditions and health care use among children with and without autism: National Survey of Children\u2019s Health. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 160(8) 825\u2013830. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpedi.160.8.825","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.160.8.825"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haller K. Stolfi A. Duby J. (2022). Comparison of unmet health care needs in children with intellectual disability autism spectrum disorder and both disorders combined. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 66 617\u2013627. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jir.12932","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12932"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hollocks M. J. Leno V. C. Chandler S. White P. Yorke I. Charman T. Pickles A. Baird G. Simonoff E. (2023). Psychiatric conditions in autistic adolescents: Longitudinal stability from childhood and associated risk factors. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 32(11) 2197\u20132208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-022-02065-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-022-02065-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hughes H. K. Mills Ko E. Rose D. Ashwood P. (2018). Immune dysfunction and autoimmunity as pathological mechanisms in autism spectrum disorders. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience 12 405. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fncel.2018.00405","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00405"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jain A. Spencer D. Yang W. Kelly J. P. Newschaffer C. J. Johnson J. Marshall J. Azocar F. Tabb L. P. Dennen T. (2014). Injuries among children with autism spectrum disorder. Academic Pediatrics 14(4) 390\u2013397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acap.2014.03.012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2014.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jernbro C. Bonander C. Beckman L. (2020). The association between disability and unintentional injuries among adolescents in a general education setting: Evidence from a Swedish population-based school survey. Disability & Health Journal 13(1) 100841. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dhjo.2019.100841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2019.100841"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kohane I. S. McMurry A. Weber G. MacFadden D. Rappaport L. Kunkel L. Bickel J. Wattanasin N. Spence S. Murphy S. Churchill S. (2012). The co-morbidity burden of children and young adults with autism spectrum disorders. Plos One 7(4) Article e33224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0033224","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033224"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lai M. C. Kassee C. Besney R. Bonato S. Hull L. Mandy W. Szatmari P. Ameis S. H. (2019). Prevalence of co-occurring mental health diagnoses in the autism population: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry 6(10) 819\u2013829. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30289-5","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30289-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lasheras I. Real-L\u00f3pez M. Santab\u00e1rbara J. (2023). Prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms in autism spectrum disorder: A meta-analysis. Anales de Pediatr\u00eda (English Edition) 99(2) 102\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anpede.2023.07.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anpede.2023.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lavelle T. A. Weinstein M. C. Newhouse J. P. Munir K. Kuhlthau K. A. Prosser L. A. (2014). Economic burden of childhood autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics 133(3) e520\u2013e529. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2013-0763","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-0763"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liptak G. S. Stuart T. Auinger P. (2006). Health care utilization and expenditures for children with autism: Data from U.S. national samples. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders 36(7) 871\u2013879. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-006-0119-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0119-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu X. Sun X. Sun C. Zou M. Chen Y. Huang J. Wu L. Chen W.-X. (2022). Prevalence of epilepsy in autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Autism 26(1) 33\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13623613211045029","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613211045029"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maenner M. J. Warren Z. Williams A. R. Amoakohene E. Bakian A. V. Bilder D. A. Durkin M. S. Fitzgerald R. T. Furnier S. M. Hughes M. M. Ladd-Acosta C. M. McArthur D. Pas E. T. Salinas A. Vehorn A. Williams S. Esler A. Grzybowski A. Hall-Lande J. . . .Shaw K. A. (2023). Prevalence and characteristics of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years \u2013 autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network 11 sites United States 2020. MMWR Surveillance Summaries 72(2) 1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.ss7202a1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss7202a1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malow B. A. Katz T. Reynolds A. M. Shui A. Carno M. Connolly H. V. Coury D. Bennett A. E. (2016). Sleep difficulties and medications in children with autism spectrum disorders: A registry study. Pediatrics 137(Suppl. 2) S98\u2013S104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2015-2851H","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-2851H"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mandell D. S. Cao J. Ittenbach R. Pinto-Martin J. (2006). Medicaid expenditures for children with autistic spectrum disorders: 1994 to 1999. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders 36(4) 475\u2013485. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-006-0088-z","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0088-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martini M. I. Kuja-Halkola R. Butwicka A. Du Rietz E. D\u2019Onofrio B. M. Happ\u00e9 F. Kanina A. Larsson H. Lundstr\u00f6m S. Martin J. Rosenqvist M. A. Lichtenstein P. Taylor M. J. (2022). Sex differences in mental health problems and psychiatric hospitalization in autistic young adults. JAMA Psychiatry 79(12) 1188\u20131198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2022.3475","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2022.3475"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McElhanon B. O. McCracken C. Karpen S. Sharp W. G. (2014). Gastrointestinal symptoms in autism spectrum disorder: A meta-analysis. Pediatrics 133(5) 872\u2013883. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2013-3995","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-3995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McLay L. Bowden N. Eggleston M. Thabrew H. Braund R. Schluter P. (2022). Melatonin dispensing and polypharmacy rates for New Zealand children with autism or attention deficit hyperactivity disorders: A nationwide pharmacoepidemiological study. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 93 101948. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rasd.2022.101948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2022.101948"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menezes M. Robinson M. F. Harkins C. Sadikova E. Mazurek M. O. (2021). Unmet health care needs and health care quality in youth with autism spectrum disorder with and without intellectual disability. Autism 25(8) 2199\u20132208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13623613211014721","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613211014721"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milne B. J. Atkinson J. Blakely T. Day H. Douwes J. Gibb S. Nicolson M. Shackleton N. Sporle A. Teng A. (2019). Data resource profile: The New Zealand Integrated Data Infrastructure (IDI). International Journal of Epidemiology 48(3) 677\u2013677e. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyz014","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Health. (2020). Indicator of potentially avoidable hospitalisations for the Child and Youth Wellbeing Strategy: A brief report on methodology. https:\/\/www.health.govt.nz\/system\/files\/documents\/publications\/indicator-of-potentially-avoidable-hospitalisations-child-and-youth-wellbeing-strategy-apr21.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Health. (2023). Annual data explorer 2022\/23: New Zealand Health Survey. https:\/\/minhealthnz.shinyapps.io\/nz-health-survey-2022-23-annual-data-explorer\/_w_58a44f86\/#!\/explore-indicators"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicolaidis C. Raymaker D. McDonald K. Kapp S. Weiner M. Ashkenazy E. Gerrity M. Kripke C. Platt L. Baggs A. (2016). The development and evaluation of an online healthcare toolkit for autistic adults and their primary care providers. Journal of General Internal Medicine 31(10) 1180\u20131189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-016-3763-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-016-3763-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_1","unstructured":"Opai K. (2020 December 30). Te reo h\u0101pai: The language of enrichment. Te Reo H\u0101pai. https:\/\/www.tereohapai.nz\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan P. Y. B\u00f6lte S. Kaur P. Jamil S. Jonsson U. (2021). Neurological disorders in autism: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Autism 25(3) 812\u2013830. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1362361320951370","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361320951370"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peacock G. Amendah D. Ouyang L. Grosse S. D. (2012). Autism spectrum disorders and health care expenditures: The effects of co-occurring conditions. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics 33(1) 2\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/DBP.0b013e31823969de","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0b013e31823969de"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng C.-Z. Hatlestad P. Klug M. G. Kerbeshian J. Burd L. (2009). Health care costs and utilization rates for children with pervasive developmental disorders in North Dakota from 1998 to 2004: Impact on Medicaid. Journal of Child Neurology 24(2) 140\u2013147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0883073808321059","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073808321059"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reaven J. Wainer A. L. (2015). Children and adolescents with ASD and co-occurring psychiatric conditions: Current trends in intervention. In Hodapp R. M. Fidler D. J. (Eds.) International review of research in developmental disabilities (1st ed. pp. 45\u201390). Elsevier Science & Technology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/bs.irrdd.2015.06.001","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irrdd.2015.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riise E. N. Wergeland G. J. H. Njardvik U. \u00d6st L. G. (2021). Cognitive behavior therapy for externalizing disorders in children and adolescents in routine clinical care: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review 83 101954. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2020.101954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2020.101954"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rogge N. Janssen J. (2019). The economic costs of autism spectrum disorder: A literature review. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders 49(7) 2873\u20132900. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-019-04014-z","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-019-04014-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosen T. E. Mazefsky C. A. Vasa R. A. Lerner M. D. (2018). Co-occurring psychiatric conditions in autism spectrum disorder. International Review of Psychiatry 30(1) 40\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09540261.2018.1450229","DOI":"10.1080\/09540261.2018.1450229"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26635\/phd.2024.144"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schlenz A. M. Carpenter L. A. Bradley C. Charles J. Boan A. (2015). Age differences in emergency department visits and inpatient hospitalizations in preadolescent and adolescent youth with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders 45(8) 2382\u20132391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-015-2405-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-015-2405-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sigurvinsd\u00f3ttir A. L. Jens\u00ednud\u00f3ttir K. B. Baldvinsd\u00f3ttir K. D. Sm\u00e1rason O. Skarphedinsson G. (2020). Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for child and adolescent anxiety disorders across different CBT modalities and comparisons: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry 74(3) 168\u2013180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08039488.2019.1686653","DOI":"10.1080\/08039488.2019.1686653"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Storch E. A. Arnold E. B. Lewin A. B. Nadeau J. M. Jones A. M. De Nadai A. S. Jane Mutch P. Selles R. R. Ung D. Murphy T. K. (2013). The effect of cognitive-behavioral therapy versus treatment as usual for anxiety in children with autism spectrum disorders: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 52(2) 132\u2013142.e2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2012.11.007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2012.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Storch E. A. Lewin A. B. Collier A. B. Arnold E. De Nadai A. S. Dane B. F. Nadeau J. M. Mutch P. J. Murphy T. K. (2015). A randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy versus treatment as usual for adolescents with autism spectrum disorders and comorbid anxiety. Depression & Anxiety 32(3) 174\u2013181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/da.22332","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22332"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stringer D. Kent R. Briskman J. Lukito S. Charman T. Baird G. Lord C. Pickles A. Simonoff E. (2020). Trajectories of emotional and behavioral problems from childhood to early adult life. Autism 24(4) 1011\u20131024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1362361320908972","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361320908972"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vidriales-Fern\u00e1ndez R. Plaza-Sanz M. Hern\u00e1ndez-Layna C. Verde-Cagiao M. Benito-Ruiz G. Carvajal-Molina F. (2023). Characterizing the physical and mental health profile of children adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorder in Spain. Frontiers in Psychiatry 14 1088727. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1088727","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1088727"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613231224015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weiss J. A. Isaacs B. Diepstra H. Wilton A. S. Brown H. K. McGarry C. Lunsky Y. (2018). Health concerns and health service utilization in a population cohort of young adults with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders 48(1) 36\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-017-3292-0","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-017-3292-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wood J. J. Kendall P. C. Wood K. S. Kerns C. M. Seltzer M. Small B. J. Lewin A. B. Storch E. A. (2020). Cognitive behavioral treatments for anxiety in children with autism spectrum disorder: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry 77(5) 474\u2013483. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.4160","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.4160"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu G. Snetselaar L. G. Jing J. Liu B. Strathearn L. Bao W. (2018). Association of food allergy and other allergic conditions with autism spectrum disorder in children. JAMA Network Open 1(2) e180279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.027","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.0279"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zablotsky B. Pringle B. A. Colpe L. J. Kogan M. D. Rice C. Blumberg S. J. (2015). Service and treatment use among children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of. Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics 36(2) 98\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000127","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000127"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeidan J. Fombonne E. Scorah J. Ibrahim A. Durkin M. S. Saxena S. Yusuf A. Shih A. Elsabbagh M. (2022). Global prevalence of autism: A systematic review update. Autism Research 15(5) 778\u2013790. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aur.2696","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2696"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou X. Teng T. Zhang Y. Del Giovane C. Furukawa T. A. Weisz J. R. Li X. Cuijpers P. Coghill D. Xiang Y. Hetrick S. E. Leucht S. Qin M. Barth J. Ravindran A. V. Yang L. Curry J. Fan L. Silva S. G. . . .Xie P. (2020). Comparative efficacy and acceptability of antidepressants psychotherapies and their combination for acute treatment of children and adolescents with depressive disorder: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry 7(7) 581\u2013601. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30137-1","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30137-1"}],"container-title":["Autism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13623613241298352","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/13623613241298352","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13623613241298352","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:50:20Z","timestamp":1777380620000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/13623613241298352"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/13623613241298352"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13623613241298352","relation":{},"ISSN":["1362-3613","1461-7005"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1362-3613","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-7005","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]]}}}