{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:05:07Z","timestamp":1777507507454,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757376000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000155","name":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000156","name":"Fonds de Recherche du Qu\u00e9bec - Sant\u00e9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Autism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The aim of this study is to analyze egocentric social networks of 31 autistic adults in Qu\u00e9bec (Canada). We examined the composition of their proximal personal support network and the role of support shared among autistic peers. A mixed method analysis was used. An egocentric network questionnaire that included qualitative prompts was conducted to gather participants\u2019 interpretations and reference systems, facilitating an understanding of networks\u2019 multidimensional aspect. A reflexive thematic analysis was conducted with a subset of the data from the qualitative prompts. Three main themes were identified: (1) interference in social interactions, (2) mutual acknowledgment, and (3) social engagement in the community. Most participants (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200921) mentioned autistic peers, but although these peers may have provided support, participants rarely identified them as being part of their proximal personal support network. Results nevertheless highlight the importance of peer support for several participants, which can refer to the concept of \u201cweak ties,\u201d but they differ from it by the exchanges of emotional support, which are normally expected from \u201cstrong\u201d ties.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Lay abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Social support is recognized as an important predictor of quality of life in autistic and neurodivergent people. However, few studies have explored in detail the composition of support networks in autistic adults. Moreover, research on social networks in the field of autism has mainly focused on the support networks of experts and parents. This article presents the results of a study that analyzed the composition of the support network of 31 autistic adults and examined the role of autistic peer support in their network. Interviews were conducted with the participants. Most of them (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200921) mentioned autistic peers in their social network. Although these peers provided unique types of support, participants rarely identified them as close friends or relatives. Nevertheless, the results underline the importance of peer support for participants, which often presented itself as empathetic listening, the sharing of advice to deal with everyday life issues and company for recreational activities. This study shows that we should not underestimate the support that can be provided by people who share a common experience, even if they are not considered close friends. It paves the way to thinking about how communities and professionals, such as social workers and educators, can support opportunities and facilitate spaces that foster peer support.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613251369908","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T04:01:56Z","timestamp":1757476916000},"page":"97-110","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Nor weak ties, nor strong ties: Personal support networks and relations between autistic peers"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2331-6836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabelle","family":"Courcy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Montreal, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"No\u00e9mie","family":"Cusson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nuria","family":"Jeanneret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Montreal, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","volume-title":"Methods of discovery: Heuristics for the social sciences","author":"Abbott A.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Abbott A. (2004). Methods of discovery: Heuristics for the social sciences. W. W. Norton."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andersson M. A. Monin J. K. (2018). Informal care networks in the context of multimorbidity: Size composition and associations with recipient psychological well-being. Journal of Aging and Health 30(4) 641\u2013664. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0898264316687623","DOI":"10.1177\/0898264316687623"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","first-page":"69","volume-title":"Social network and social support","author":"Barrera M.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Barrera M. (1981). Social support in the adjustment of pregnant adolescents: Assessment issues. In Gottlieb B. H. (Ed.), Social network and social support (pp. 69\u201396). Sage."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benson P. R. (2012). Network characteristics perceived social support and psychological adjustment in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 42(12) 2597\u20132610. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-012-1517-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-012-1517-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","volume-title":"The social construction of reality: A treatise in the sociology of knowledge","author":"Berger P. L.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Berger P. L., Luckmann T. (1967). The social construction of reality: A treatise in the sociology of knowledge. Doubleday."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Botha M. Dibb B. Frost D. M. (2022). \u201cIt\u2019s being a part of a grand tradition a grand counter-culture which involves communities\u201d: A qualitative investigation of autistic community connectedness. Autism 26(8) 2151\u20132164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13623613221080248","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613221080248"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-69909-7_3470-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carley K. M. (2014). ORA: A toolkit for dynamic network analysis and visualization. In Alhajj R. Rokne J. (Eds.) encyclopedia of social network analysis and mining (pp. 1219\u20131228). Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4614-6170-8_309","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-6170-8_309"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv18ph302.20","volume-title":"Probl\u00e8mes sociaux\u2014Tome I: Th\u00e9ories et m\u00e9thodologies","author":"Carpentier N.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Carpentier N., White D. (2001). Le soutien social. Mise \u00e0 jour et raffermissement d\u2019un concept. In Dorvil H., Mayer R. (Eds.), Probl\u00e8mes sociaux\u2014Tome I: Th\u00e9ories et m\u00e9thodologies (pp. 277\u2013304). Presses de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan D. V. Doran J. D. Galobardi O. D. (2023). Beyond friendship: The spectrum of social participation of autistic adults. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 53(1) 424\u2013437. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-022-05441-1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-022-05441-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","volume-title":"Constructing grounded theory. A practical guide through qualitative analysis","author":"Charmaz K.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Charmaz K. (2006). Constructing grounded theory. A practical guide through qualitative analysis. Sage."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen Y. L. Senande L. L. Thorsen M. Patten K. (2021). Peer preferences and characteristics of same-group and cross-group social interactions among autistic and non-autistic adolescents. Autism 25(7) 1885\u20131900. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13623613211005918","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613211005918"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chown N. (2014). More on the ontological status of autism and double empathy. Disability and Society 29(10) 1672\u20131676. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09687599.2014.949625","DOI":"10.1080\/09687599.2014.949625"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/med:psych\/9780195126709.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Courcy I. des Rivi\u00e8res-Pigeon C. (2021). \u2018We\u2019re responsible for the diagnosis and for finding help\u2019 The help-seeking trajectories of families of children on the autism spectrum. Sociology of Health and Illness 43(1) 40\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-9566.13184","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9566.13184"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crane L. Hearst C. Ashworth M. Davies J. Hill E. L. (2021). Supporting newly identified or diagnosed autistic adults: An initial evaluation of an autistic-led programme. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 51(3) 892\u2013905. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-020-04486-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-020-04486-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","unstructured":"Creswell J. W. Plano Clark V. L. (2006). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. SAGE Publications. http:\/\/www.loc.gov\/catdir\/toc\/ecip0610\/2006008436.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crompton C. J. Hallett S. McAuliffe C. Stanfield A. C. Fletcher-Watson S. (2022). \u201cA group of fellow travellers who understand\u201d: Interviews with autistic people about post-diagnostic peer support in adulthood. Frontiers in Psychology 13 Article 831628. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.831628","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.831628"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crompton C. J. Hallett S. Ropar D. Flynn E. Fletcher-Watson S. (2020). \u2018I never realised everybody felt as happy as I do when I am around autistic people\u2019: A thematic analysis of autistic adults\u2019 relationships with autistic and neurotypical friends and family. Autism 24(6) 1438\u20131448. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1362361320908976","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361320908976"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crompton C. J. Sharp M. Axbey H. Fletcher-Watson S. Flynn E. G. Ropar D. (2020). Neurotype-matching but not being autistic influences self and observer ratings of interpersonal rapport. Frontiers in Psychology 11 Article 586171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.586171","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.586171"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781473911871"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_1","volume-title":"The Sage handbook of qualitative research","author":"Denzin N. K.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Denzin N. K., Lincoln Y. S. (2018). The Sage handbook of qualitative research (5th ed.). Sage.","edition":"5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elmose M. (2020). Understanding loneliness and social relationships in autism: The reflections of autistic adults. Nordic Psychology 72(1) 3\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19012276.2019.1625068","DOI":"10.1080\/19012276.2019.1625068"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eyal G. (2013). For a sociology of expertise: The social origins of the autism epidemic. American Journal of Sociology 118(4) 863\u2013907. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/668448","DOI":"10.1086\/668448"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Granovetter M. S. (1973). The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology 78(6) 1360\u20131380. http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2776392","DOI":"10.1086\/225469"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haber M. G. Cohen J. L. Lucas T. Baltes B. B. (2007). The relationship between self-reported received and perceived social support: A meta-analytic review. American Journal of Community Psychology 39(1\u20132) 133\u2013144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10464-007-9100-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464-007-9100-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hedley D. Uljarevi\u0107 M. Foley K. R. Richdale A. Trollor J. (2018). Risk and protective factors underlying depression and suicidal ideation in autism spectrum disorder. Depression and Anxiety 35(7) 648\u2013657. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/da.22759","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22759"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hogan B. Carrasco J. A. Wellman B. (2007). Visualizing personal networks: Working with participant-aided sociograms. Field Methods 19(2) 116\u2013144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1525822X06298589","DOI":"10.1177\/1525822X06298589"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hollstein B. (2014). Qualitative approaches. In Scott J. Carrington P. J. (Eds.) The SAGE handbook of social network analysis (pp. 404\u2013416). Sage. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4135\/9781446294413A","DOI":"10.4135\/9781446294413.n27"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jantz K. M. (2011). Support groups for adults with Asperger syndrome. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities 26(2) 119\u2013128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1088357611406903","DOI":"10.1177\/1088357611406903"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeanneret N. Courcy I. Caron V. Giroux M. Guerrero L. Ouimet M. Forgeot d\u2019Arc B. Souli\u00e8res I. (2022). Discrimination and victimization as mediators between social support and psychological distress in autistic adults. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 98. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rasd.2022.102038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2022.102038"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jennes-Coussens M. Magill-Evans J. Koning C. (2006). The quality of life of young men with Asperger syndrome: A brief report. Autism 10(4) 403\u2013414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1362361306064432","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361306064432"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamio Y. Inada N. Koyama T. (2013). A nationwide survey on quality of life and associated factors of adults with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders. Autism 17(1) 15\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1362361312436848","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361312436848"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kapp S. K. (Ed.). (2020). Autistic community and the neurodiversity movement: Stories from the frontline. Palgrave Macmillan Singapore. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-13-8437-0","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-8437-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laslo-Roth R. George-Levi S. Ben-Yaakov L. (2023). Support me in the good times too: Interpersonal emotion regulation perceived social support and loneliness among mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 40(1) 55\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/02654075221113031","DOI":"10.1177\/02654075221113031"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lei J. Ashwin C. Brosnan M. Russell A. (2020). Differences in anxieties and social networks in a group-matched sample of autistic and typically developing students transitioning to university. Autism 24(5) 1138\u20131151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1362361319894830","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361319894830"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lei J. Brosnan M. Ashwin C. Russell A. (2020). Evaluating the role of autistic traits social anxiety and social network changes during transition to first year of university in typically developing students and students on the autism spectrum. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 50(8) 2832\u20132851. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-020-04391-w","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-020-04391-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lei J. Qian X. Kim K. M. (2025). Social network structure in autistic individuals: A systematic review. Autism in Adulthood. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/aut.2024.0029","DOI":"10.1089\/aut.2024.0029"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marin A. A. Wellman B. (2014). Social network analysis: An introduction. In Scott J. Carrington P. J. (Eds.) The SAGE handbook of social network analysis (pp. 11\u201325). Sage. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4135\/9781446294413","DOI":"10.4135\/9781446294413.n2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin N. Milton D. E. M. Sims T. Dawkins G. Baron-Cohen S. Mills R. (2017). Does \u201cmentoring\u201d offer effective support to autistic adults? A mixed-methods pilot study. Advances in Autism 3(4) 229\u2013239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/AIA-06-2017-0013","DOI":"10.1108\/AIA-06-2017-0013"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGhee Hassrick E. Sosnowy C. Graham Holmes L. Walton J. Shattuck P. T. (2020). Social capital and autism in young adulthood: Applying social network methods to measure the social capital of autistic young adults. Autism in Adulthood 2(3) 243\u2013254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/aut.2019.0058","DOI":"10.1089\/aut.2019.0058"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mendelson J. L. Gates J. A. Lerner M. D. (2016). Friendship in school-age boys with autism spectrum disorders: A meta-analytic summary and developmental process-based model. Psychological Bulletin 142(6) 601\u2013622. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/bul0000041","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000041"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milton D. E. M. (2012). On the ontological status of autism: The \u201cdouble empathy problem.\u201d Disability & Society 27(6) 883\u2013887. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09687599.2012.710008","DOI":"10.1080\/09687599.2012.710008"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milton D. E. M. Sims T. (2016). How is a sense of well-being and belonging constructed in the accounts of autistic adults? Disability & Society 31(4) 520\u2013534. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09687599.2016.1186529","DOI":"10.1080\/09687599.2016.1186529"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_4_46_1","first-page":"103","article-title":"A review of mixed methods, pragmatism and abduction techniques","volume":"16","author":"Mitchell A.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mitchell A. (2018). A review of mixed methods, pragmatism and abduction techniques. The Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 16(3), 103\u2013116.","journal-title":"The Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monk R. Whitehouse A. J. O. Waddington H. (2022). The use of language in autism research. Trends in Neurosciences 45(11) 791\u2013793. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tins.2022.08.009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2022.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pellicano E. den Houting J. (2022). Annual research review: Shifting from \u201cnormal science\u201d to neurodiversity in autism science. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 63(4) 381\u2013396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.13534","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13534"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781316443255"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryan Idriss C. (2021). Invisible autistic infrastructure: Ethnographic reflections on an autistic community. Medical Anthropology 40(2) 129\u2013140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01459740.2020.1849185","DOI":"10.1080\/01459740.2020.1849185"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_1","unstructured":"Singer J. (1998). Odd people in: The birth of community amongst people on the \u201cAutistic Spectrum.\u201d A personal exploration based on neurological diversity [Honours thesis University of Technology]. Academia. https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/120297485\/Judy_Singer_Original_Thesis_1998_Odd_People_In"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Small M. L. (2017). Someone to talk to. Oxford University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oso\/9780190661427.001.0001","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780190661427.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song L. Son J. Lin N. (2014). Social support. In Scott J. Carrington P. J. (Eds.) The SAGE handbook of social network analysis (pp. 116\u2013128). Sage. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4135\/9781446294413","DOI":"10.4135\/9781446294413.n9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sosnowy C. Silverman C. Shattuck P. Garfield T. (2019). Setbacks and successes: How young adults on the autism spectrum seek friendship. Autism in Adulthood 1(1) 44\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/aut.2018.0009","DOI":"10.1089\/aut.2018.0009"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_1","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Chronic conditions and caregiving in Canada: Social support strategies","author":"Stewart M. J.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Stewart M. J., Langille L. (2000). A framework of social support assessment and intervention in the context of chronic conditions and caregiving. In Stewart M. J. (Ed.), Chronic conditions and caregiving in Canada: Social support strategies (pp. 3\u201328). University of Toronto Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tobin M. C. Drager K. D. R. Richardson L. F. (2014). A systematic review of social participation for adults with autism spectrum disorders: Support social functioning and quality of life. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 8(3) 214\u2013229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rasd.2013.12.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2013.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torres S. (2019). On elastic ties: Distance and intimacy in social relationships. Sociological Science 6 235\u2013263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15195\/v6.a10","DOI":"10.15195\/v6.a10"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Asselt-Goverts A. E. Embregts P. J. Hendriks A. H. Wegman K. M. Teunisse J. P. (2015). Do social networks differ? Comparison of the social networks of people with intellectual disabilities people with autism spectrum disorders and other people living in the community. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 45(5) 1191\u20131203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-014-2279-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-014-2279-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van den Heuvel R. M. Wensing M. Geurts H. M. Teunisse J. P. (2022). The social support network of adults with an autism spectrum condition: An exploration using the network in action-questionnaire. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-022-05467-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-022-05467-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_1","first-page":"19","volume-title":"Social structures: A network approach","author":"Wellman B.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Wellman B. (1988). Structural analysis: From method and metaphor to theory and substance. In Wellman B., Berkowitz S. D. (Eds.), Social structures: A network approach (pp. 19\u201361). Cambridge University Press."}],"container-title":["Autism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13623613251369908","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/13623613251369908","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13623613251369908","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:50:50Z","timestamp":1777380650000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/13623613251369908"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/13623613251369908"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13623613251369908","relation":{},"ISSN":["1362-3613","1461-7005"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1362-3613","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-7005","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]]}}}