{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T14:08:01Z","timestamp":1790863681688,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787616000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F30DC019510"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F30DC019510"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F31DC022173"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F31DC022173"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DC020186"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DC020186"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006537","name":"Vanderbilt University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Family S Scholarship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Family S Scholarship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006537","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Autism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Autism terminology preferences are the subject of considerable debate and various studies, the results of which sometimes conflict. This study examined diversity in terminology preferences in a U.S. sample of 3,181 non-autistic parents and 2,098 autistic people (including 451 autistic parents). The study also examined a particularly wide range of language issues: participants rated terms for autism, possible subgroups within autism, autistic people, autism likelihood, and autistic characteristics. Non-autistic parents\u2019, autistic parents\u2019, and autistic non-parents\u2019 terminology ratings differed, but generally modestly. Using clustering to explore response patterns revealed greater variability. Almost half of the participants were grouped in the Open Cluster, characterised by liking or neutrality towards most terms. Others were grouped in the Identity-First Cluster, characterised by support for identity-first language, strong opposition to terms for possible autism subgroups, and rejection of many pathologising terms. Other participants were in the Person-First Cluster, characterised by support for person-first language, yet still some scepticism towards terms for possible autism subgroups. Autistic participants were overrepresented in the Identity-First Cluster, while non-autistic parents were overrepresented in the Person-First Cluster. These results suggest that there is presently no consensus regarding autism terminology preferences in the United States.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Community Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:bold>Why was this study done?<\/jats:bold>\n                      It is important to respect how members of any community want to be talked about. However, previous studies about terminology preferences in the autism community sometimes provide different results. These conflicting results suggest that prior studies are not always capturing the diversity of terminology preferences in the autism community.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:bold>What did the researchers do?<\/jats:bold>\n                      We recruited large groups of autistic and non-autistic people in the United States. We asked them to rate different terms for talking about autism, subgroups within autism, autistic people, characteristics of autism, and the likelihood that somebody will later be diagnosed with autism.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>We then clustered the data, which means we let participants\u2019 responses sort themselves into clusters of similar responses. This allowed us to highlight the diversity of people\u2019s views.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:bold>What did the researchers find?<\/jats:bold>\n                      We found some terms that almost everyone liked, such as \u201cautism,\u201d and other terms or phrases that almost everyone disliked, such as \u201cperson suffering from autism.\u201d However, most terms were liked by some people and disliked by others.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>We describe an \u201cOpen Cluster\u201d of participants who like or have neutral feelings towards most terms.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>We describe an \u201cIdentity-First Cluster\u201d of participants who like identity-first language and dislike terms for subgroups within autism. Identity-First cluster members also disliked many terms that imply autism is a bad thing, like \u201crisk\u201d for autism.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Finally, we describe a \u201cPerson-First Cluster\u201d of participants who like person-first language. Person-First Cluster members disliked some terms for subgroups within autism, but not as strongly as Identity-First Cluster members did.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:bold>What are the implications?<\/jats:bold>\n                      This study shows that autism community members do not always agree about terminology. This means that it is important to be thoughtful and considerate in how we talk about autism.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613261475023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T07:51:52Z","timestamp":1787644312000},"page":"2610-2627","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["English-Language Autism Terminology Preferences of Autistic People and their Parents in the United States: Clustering Illuminates Diverse Views"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1779-5252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Dwyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7646-423X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zachary J.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA"},{"name":"Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA"},{"name":"University of California\u2013Los Angeles, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7995-6077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer E.","family":"Magnuson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA"},{"name":"University of Maryland, College Park, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6513-1181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiffany G.","family":"Woynaroski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA"},{"name":"Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA"},{"name":"University of Hawai\u2018i at M\u0101noa, Honolulu, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alvares G. A. Bebbington K. Cleary D. Evans K. Glasson E. J. Maybery M. T. Pillar S. Uljarevi\u0107 M. Varcin K. Wray J. Whitehouse A. J. (2020). The misnomer of \u2018high functioning autism\u2019: Intelligence is an imprecise predictor of functional abilities at diagnosis. Autism 24(1) 221\u2013232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1362361319852831","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361319852831"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Archibald D. Dwyer P. Bury S. M. (2024). Current debates on autism language preferences: An overview. In Bennett G. Goodall E. (Eds.) The Palgrave encyclopedia of disability (pp. 1\u201313). Springer Nature. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-40858-8_88-1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-40858-8_88-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arel-Bundock V. Greifer N. Heiss A. (2024). How to interpret statistical models using marginal effects for R and Python. Journal of Statistical Software 111(9) Article 9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v111.i09","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v111.i09"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aspinall P. J. (2008). The categorization of African descent populations in Europe and the USA: Should lexicons of recommended terminology be evidence-based? Public Health 122(1) 61\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.puhe.2007.02.018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2007.02.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_1","unstructured":"Baggs M. (2010 March 7). Aspie Supremacy can kill. Ballastexistenz. https:\/\/ballastexistenz.wordpress.com\/2010\/03\/07\/aspie-supremacy-can-kill\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_1","unstructured":"Ballou E. P. (2018 February 6). What the neurodiversity movement does \u2013 And doesn\u2019t: Offer. Thinking Person\u2019s Guide to Autism. http:\/\/www.thinkingautismguide.com\/2018\/02\/what-neurodiversity-movement-doesand.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bazerman C. (1990). Discourse analysis and social construction. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 11 77\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0267190500001963","DOI":"10.1017\/S0267190500001963"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bent C. A. Aulich A. Constantine C. Fidock E. Dwyer P. Green C. Smith J. Gurba A. N. Harrington L. T. Gore K. E. Rabba A. S. Ayton L. N. Fordyce K. Green J. Jellett R. Kennedy L. J. MacDuffie K. E. Meera S. S. Watson L. R. Hudry K. (2024). Autistic and autism community perspectives on infant and family support in the first two years of life: Findings from a community consultation survey. Autism 29(9) 2282\u20132296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13623613241262077","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613241262077"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_1","first-page":"25","volume-title":"Perspectives on disability","author":"Blaska J.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Blaska J. (1993). The power of language: Speak and write using \u201cperson first\u201d. In Nagler M. (Ed.), Perspectives on disability (pp. 25\u201332). Health Markets Research."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_12_1","unstructured":"Bonnello C. (2022 March 23). Results and analysis of the autistic not weird autism survey: Autistic not. Weird. https:\/\/autisticnotweird.com\/autismsurvey\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Botha M. Dibb B. Frost D. M. (2022). \u201cAutism is me\u201d: An investigation of how autistic individuals make sense of autism and stigma. Disability & Society 37(3) 427\u2013453. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09687599.2020.1822782","DOI":"10.1080\/09687599.2020.1822782"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bottema-Beutel K. Kapp S. K. Lester J. N. Sasson N. J. Hand B. N. (2021). Avoiding ableist language: Suggestions for autism researchers. Autism in Adulthood 3(1) 18\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/aut.2020.0014","DOI":"10.1089\/aut.2020.0014"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buijsman R. Begeer S. Scheeren A. M. (2023). \u2018Autistic person\u2019 or \u2018person with autism\u2019? Person-first language preference in Dutch adults with autism and parents. Autism 27(3) 788\u2013795. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13623613221117914","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613221117914"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u00fcrkner P.-C. (2017). brms: An R package for Bayesian multilevel models using Stan. Journal of Statistical Software 80(1) Article i01. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v080.i01","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v080.i01"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bury S. M. Jellett R. Haschek A. Wenzel M. Hedley D. Spoor J. R. (2023). Understanding language preference: Autism knowledge experience of stigma and autism identity. Autism 27(6) 1588\u20131600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13623613221142383","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613221142383"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bury S. M. Jellett R. Spoor J. R. Hedley D. (2023). \u201cIt defines who I am\u201d or \u201cit\u2019s something I have\u201d: What language do [autistic] Australian adults [on the autism spectrum] prefer? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 53 677\u2013687. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-020-04425-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-020-04425-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carbone P. S. Stipelman C. H. Villalobos M. E. Ellzey A. Stuart A. Stoddard G. J. Campbell K. (2024). A comparison of parent-reported severe autism with mild\/moderate autism among US children. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics 45(5) e422\u2013e430. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/DBP.0000000000001306","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0000000000001306"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chapman R. (2020). Defining neurodiversity for research and practice. In Rosqvist H. B. Chown N. Stenning A. (Eds.) Neurodiversity studies: A new critical paradigm (pp. 218\u2013220). Routledge. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9780429322297","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429322297-21"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chapman R. (2023). Empire of normality: Neurodiversity and capitalism (1st ed.). Pluto Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/jj.8501594","DOI":"10.2307\/jj.8501594"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Charrad M. Ghazzali N. Boiteau V. Niknafs A. (2014). NbClust: An R package for determining the relevant number of clusters in a data set. Journal of Statistical Software 61(6) Article 6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v061.i06","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v061.i06"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clarke E. B. McCauley J. B. Lutz A. Gotelli M. Sheinkopf S. J. Lord C. (2024). Understanding profound autism: Implications for stigma and supports. Frontiers in Psychiatry 15 Article 1287096. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1287096","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1287096"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_24_1","unstructured":"Crosman C. (2019 November 28). Good autistic advocacy organizations vs. bad autism \u201ccharities\u201d. In the Loop about Neurodiversity. https:\/\/intheloopaboutneurodiversity.wordpress.com\/2019\/11\/28\/good-autistic-advocacy-organizations-vs-bad-autism-charities\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Czech H. (2018). Hans Asperger national socialism and \u201crace hygiene\u201d in Nazi-era Vienna. Molecular Autism 9 Article 29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13229-018-0208-6","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-018-0208-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_26_1","unstructured":"Des Roches Rosa S. (2021 December 8). Creating a \u201cprofound autism\u201d category is segregation not progress. Thinking Person\u2019s Guide to Autism. https:\/\/thinkingautismguide.com\/2021\/12\/creating-profound-autism-category-is.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_27_1","volume-title":"In a different key: The story of autism","author":"Donvan J.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Donvan J., Zucker C. (2016). In a different key: The story of autism. Crown."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dwyer P. (2022a). Heterogeneity and clustering in autism: An introduction for critical scholars. In Milton D. Ryan S. (Eds.) The Routledge international handbook of critical autism studies (pp. 42\u201355). Routledge. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781003056577-6","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003056577-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dwyer P. (2022b). Stigma incommensurability or both? Pathology-first person-first and identity-first language and the challenges of discourse in divided autism communities. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics 43(2) 111\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/DBP.0000000000001054","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0000000000001054"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dwyer P. Acevedo S. M. Brown H. M. Grapel J. Jones S. C. Nachman B. R. Raymaker D. M. Williams Z. J. (2021). An expert roundtable discussion on experiences of autistic autism researchers. Autism in Adulthood 3(3) 209\u2013220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/aut.2021.29019.rtb","DOI":"10.1089\/aut.2021.29019.rtb"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dwyer P. Gurba A. N. Kapp S. K. Kilgallon E. Hersh L. H. Chang D. S. Rivera S. M. Gillespie-Lynch K. (2025). Community views of neurodiversity models of disability and autism intervention: Mixed methods reveal shared goals and key tensions. Autism 29(9) 2297\u20132314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13623613241273029","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613241273029"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dwyer P. Hersh L. H. Kapp S. K. Rivera S. M. Gillespie-Lynch K. (2025). Neurodiversity movement identification and perceived appropriateness of terms used to describe autism. Autism in Adulthood. Advance online publication. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/aut.2024.0297","DOI":"10.1089\/aut.2024.0297"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dwyer P. Ryan J. G. Williams Z. J. Gassner D. L. (2022). First do no harm: Suggestions regarding respectful autism language. Pediatrics 149(s4) Article e2020049437. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2020-049437N","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-049437N"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ellis J. (2023). Imagining neurodivergent futures from the belly of the identity machine: Neurodiversity biosociality and strategic essentialism. Autism in Adulthood 5(3) 225\u2013235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/aut.2021.0075","DOI":"10.1089\/aut.2021.0075"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Falk D. (2020). Non-complicit: Revisiting Hans Asperger\u2019s career in Nazi-era Vienna. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 50 2573\u20132584. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-019-03981-7","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-019-03981-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feliciano P. Daniels A. M. Green Snyder L. Beaumont A. Camba A. Esler A. Gulsrud A. G. Mason A. Gutierrez A. Nicholson A. Paolicelli A. M. McKenzie A. P. Rachubinski A. L. Stephens A. N. Simon A. R. Stedman A. Shocklee A. D. Swanson A. Finucane B. Chung W. K. (2018). SPARK: A US cohort of 50 000 families to accelerate autism research. Neuron 97(3) 488\u2013493. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.01.015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.01.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flowers J. Dawes J. McCleary D. Marzolf H. (2023). Words matter: Language preferences in a sample of autistic adults. Neurodiversity 1 Article 1216548. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/27546330231216548","DOI":"10.1177\/27546330231216548"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fombonne E. Coppola L. Mastel S. O\u2019Roak B. J. (2022). Validation of autism diagnosis and clinical data in the SPARK cohort. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 52(8) 3383\u20133398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-021-05218-y","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-021-05218-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_39_1","unstructured":"Gardiner F. (2018 March 23). The problems with functioning labels. Thinking Person\u2019s Guide to Autism. https:\/\/thinkingautismguide.com\/2018\/03\/the-problems-with-functioning-labels.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gernsbacher M. A. (2017). Editorial perspective: The use of person-first language in scholarly writing may accentuate stigma. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 58(7) 859\u2013861. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.12706","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12706"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_41_1","unstructured":"Horton K. (Director). (2020 December 16). People first\u2014In the shadow of fairview (15(1)) [Broadcast]. In Oregon experience: Oregon public broadcasting. https:\/\/www.opb.org\/news\/series\/move-to-include\/people-first-in-the-shadow-of-fairview\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaarsma P. Welin S. (2012). Autism as a natural human variation: Reflections on the claims of the neurodiversity movement. Health Care Analysis 20(1) 20\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10728-011-0169-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s10728-011-0169-9"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_6_43_1","first-page":"68","article-title":"Watch your language, please!","volume":"51","author":"Kailes J. I.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Kailes J. I. (1985). Watch your language, please!. Journal of Rehabilitation, 51(1), 68\u201369.","journal-title":"Journal of Rehabilitation"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kapp S. K. (2023). Profound concerns about \u201cprofound autism\u201d: Dangers of severity scales and functioning labels for support needs. Education Sciences 13(2) Article 106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/educsci13020106","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci13020106"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kapp S. K. Gillespie-Lynch K. Sherman L. E. Hutman T. (2013). Deficit difference or both? Autism and neurodiversity. Developmental Psychology 49(1) 59\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0028353","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028353"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keates N. Martin F. Waldock K. E. (2024). Autistic people\u2019s perspectives on functioning labels and associated reasons and community connectedness. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 55 1318\u20131328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-024-06316-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-024-06316-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keating C. T. Hickman L. Leung J. Monk R. Montgomery A. Heath H. Sowden S. (2023). Autism-related language preferences across the globe: A mixed methods investigation. Autism Research 16(2) 406\u2013428. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aur.2864","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2864"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kenny L. Hattersley C. Molins B. Buckley C. Povey C. Pellicano E. (2016). Which terms should be used to describe autism? Perspectives from the UK autism community. Autism 20(4) 442\u2013462. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1362361315588200","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361315588200"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim S. Y. Gillespie-Lynch K. (2023). Do autistic people\u2019s support needs and non-autistic people\u2019s support for the neurodiversity movement contribute to heightened autism stigma in South Korea vs. the US? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 53 4199\u20134213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-022-05739-0","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-022-05739-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lilley R. Lawson W. Hall G. Mahony J. Clapham H. Heyworth M. Arnold S. Trollor J. Yudell M. Pellicano E. (2023). \u201cPeas in a pod\u201d: Oral history reflections on autistic identity in family and community by late-diagnosed adults. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 53 1146\u20131161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-022-05667-z","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-022-05667-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lord C. Charman T. Havdahl A. Carbone P. Anagnostou E. Boyd B. Carr T. de Vries P. J. Dissanayake C. Divan G. Freitag C. M. Gotelli M. M. Kasari C. Knapp M. Mundy P. Plank A. Scahill L. Servili C. Shattuck P. McCauley J. B. (2022). The Lancet Commission on the future of care and clinical research in autism. The Lancet 399(10321) 271\u2013334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01541-5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01541-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lord C. Petkova E. Hus V. Gan W. Lu F. Martin D. M. Ousley O. Guy L. Bernier R. Gerdts J. Algermissen M. Whitaker A. Sutcliffe J. S. Warren Z. Klin A. Saulnier C. Hanson E. Hundley R. Piggot J. Risi S. (2012). A multisite study of the clinical diagnosis of different autism spectrum disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry 69(3) 306\u2013313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.148","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.148"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_53_1","unstructured":"Lutz A. S. F. (2020 June 23). When autism advocacy is \u201cpartial.\u201d. Psychology Today. https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/intl\/blog\/inspectrum\/202006\/when-autism-advocacy-is-partial"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin B. L. (1991). From Negro to Black to African American: The power of names and naming. Political Science Quarterly 106(1) 83\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2152175","DOI":"10.2307\/2152175"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mason R. A. Lory C. Gregori E. Gerow S. Rispoli M. J. David M. Kim S. Y. Wang D. (2024). Evidence-based practice in inclusive settings for students with autism: A best-evidence synthesis. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 11(3) 564\u2013580. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40489-022-00352-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s40489-022-00352-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCoy M. S. Liu E. Y. Lutz A. S. F. Sisti D. (2020). Ethical advocacy across the autism spectrum: Beyond partial representation. The American Journal of Bioethics 20(4) 13\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15265161.2020.1730482","DOI":"10.1080\/15265161.2020.1730482"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milligan G. W. Cooper M. C. (1985). An examination of procedures for determining the number of clusters in a data set. Psychometrika 50(2) 159\u2013179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02294245","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02294245"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monk R. Whitehouse A. J. O. Waddington H. (2022). The use of language in autism research. Trends in Neurosciences 45(11) 791\u2013793. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tins.2022.08.009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2022.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_59_1","unstructured":"Murray F. (2023 February 28). We need to talk about Aspie supremacists. Thinking Person\u2019s Guide to Autism. https:\/\/thinkingautismguide.com\/2023\/02\/we-need-to-talk-about-aspie-supremacists.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_60_1","unstructured":"Neumeier S. (2018 February 9). \u2018To Siri with love\u2019 and the problem with neurodiversity lite. Rewire News Group. https:\/\/rewirenewsgroup.com\/2018\/02\/09\/siri-love-problem-neurodiversity-lite\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_61_1","unstructured":"People First of Canada. (n.d.). Some history. https:\/\/www.peoplefirstofcanada.ca\/about-us\/history\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pukki H. Bettin J. Outlaw A. G. Hennessy J. Brook K. Dekker M. Doherty M. Shaw S. C. K. Bervoets J. Rudolph S. Corneloup T. Derwent K. Lee O. Rojas Y. G. Lawson W. Gutierrez M. V. Petek K. Tsiakkirou M. Suoninen A. Yoon W. (2022). Autistic perspectives on the future of clinical autism research. Autism in Adulthood 4(2) 93\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31234\/osf.io\/qw5h2","DOI":"10.1089\/aut.2022.0017"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R\u00f8dgaard E.-M. Jensen K. Miskowiak K. W. Mottron L. (2022). Representativeness of autistic samples in studies recruiting through social media. Autism Research 15(8) 1447\u20131456. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aur.2777","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2777"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_6_64_1","first-page":"609","article-title":"What\u2019s in a name? The politics of labelling and native identity constructions","volume":"25","author":"Retzlaff S.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Retzlaff S. (2005). What\u2019s in a name? The politics of labelling and native identity constructions. The Canadian Journal of Native Studies, 25(2), 609\u2013626.","journal-title":"The Canadian Journal of Native Studies"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schuck R. K. Chetcuti L. Dwyer P. Milosavljevic K. Bury S. M. Hedley D. Begeer S. Vivanti G. Uljarevic M. (2025). Preferences for identity-first and person-first language: A systematic review of research with autistic adults\/adults with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. Advance online publication. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-025-07174-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-025-07174-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_66_1","unstructured":"Sequenzia A. (n.d.). More problems with functioning labels. https:\/\/ollibean.org\/problems-functioning-labels\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_67_1","unstructured":"SFARI. (2025 May 8). SFARI scientific perspectives. https:\/\/www.sfari.org\/funding-opportunities\/sfari-scientific-perspectives\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharif A. McCall A. L. Bolante K. R. (2022). Should I say \u201cdisabled people\u201d or \u201cpeople with disabilities\u201d? Language preferences of disabled people between identity- and person-first language. In Proceedings of the 24th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on computers and accessibility (pp. 1\u201318). ACM. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3517428.3544813","DOI":"10.1145\/3517428.3544813"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_6_69_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"Why I dislike \u201cperson first\u201d language","volume":"1","author":"Sinclair J.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sinclair J. (2013). Why I dislike \u201cperson first\u201d language. Autonomy, the Critical Journal of Interdisciplinary Autism Studies, 1(2), 2\u20133.","journal-title":"Autonomy, the Critical Journal of Interdisciplinary Autism Studies"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singer A. Lutz A. Escher J. Halladay A. (2023). A full semantic toolbox is essential for autism research and practice to thrive. Autism Research 16(3) 497\u2013501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aur.2876","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2876"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith O. Jones S. C. (2020). \u2018Coming out\u2019 with autism: Identity in people with an Asperger\u2019s diagnosis after DSM-5. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 50 592\u2013602. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-019-04294-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-019-04294-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taboas A. Doepke K. Zimmerman C. (2023). Short report: Preferences for identity-first versus person-first language in a US sample of autism stakeholders. Autism 27(2) 565\u2013570. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13623613221130845","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613221130845"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tatzer E. Maleczek W. (2024). Was Hans Asperger complicit in the Nazi child Euthanasia by participating in the Gugging Commission?: An assessment. Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie 53 Article a001001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1024\/1422-4917\/a001001","DOI":"10.1024\/1422-4917\/a001001"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_74_1","unstructured":"Thinking Person\u2019s Guide to Autism. (n.d.). Neurodiversity FAQ: A neurodiversity facts and myths primer. https:\/\/thinkingautismguide.com\/so-youre-doing-story-about"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vivanti G. (2020). Ask the editor: What is the most appropriate way to talk about individuals with a diagnosis of autism? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 50 691\u2013693. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-019-04280-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-019-04280-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vivanti G. (2024). Autism early intervention: Progress steps backward and the reconciliation of conflicting narratives. Current Psychiatry Reports 26 753\u2013760. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11920-024-01552-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-024-01552-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wachtel L. E. Escher J. Halladay A. Lutz A. Satriale G. M. Westover A. Lopez-Arvizu C. (2024). Profound autism: An imperative diagnosis. Pediatric Clinics of North America 71(2) 301\u2013313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pcl.2023.12.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2023.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woods R. Williams K. Watts C. (2023). \u201cProfound autism\u201d: The dire consequences of diagnostic overshadowing. Autism Research 16(9) 1656\u20131657. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aur.2985","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2985"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zajic M. C. Gudknecht J. (2024). Person- and identity-first language in autism research: A systematic analysis of abstracts from 11 autism journals. Autism 28(10) 2445\u20132461. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13623613241241202","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613241241202"}],"container-title":["Autism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13623613261475023","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/13623613261475023","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13623613261475023","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T13:46:49Z","timestamp":1790862409000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/13623613261475023"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/13623613261475023"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13623613261475023","relation":{},"ISSN":["1362-3613","1461-7005"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1362-3613","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-7005","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]}}}