{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T05:59:02Z","timestamp":1790834342392,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001230","name":"Macquarie University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MQRF0001113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MQRF0001113"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001230","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001230","name":"Macquarie University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Macquarie University Research Excellence Scholarsh"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Macquarie University Research Excellence Scholarsh"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001230","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Reframing Autism"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Autism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In existing literature, an Autistic child\u2019s \u201cexternalising behaviour\u201d (e.g., aggression, defiance) is often associated with poor parental mental health outcomes. Yet few studies have considered the extent and nature of the impact of a child\u2019s harmful behaviours (physical harm to self, others, and property) on parents qualitatively. Here, we examined how Autistic and non-autistic parents conceptualise their Autistic children\u2019s harmful behaviours, and the impact of such behaviours on parents. We analysed 39 Autistic and non-autistic parent interviews using reflexive thematic analysis, from which we identified four themes. Theme 1 encompassed parents\u2019 experiences of their children\u2019s harmful behaviours. Theme 2 captured parents\u2019 explanations for their children\u2019s harmful behaviours, which they understood as indicating intense distress. In Theme 3, parents reflected on their responses to periods of crisis, during which they prioritised safety but acknowledged a systemic lack of support hindered their efforts. Finally, Theme 4 describes the detrimental impacts on parent mental health, including feelings of helplessness, grief, guilt, and fear for the future. We show that it is imperative to more openly discuss child harmful behaviours in neuroaffirming ways, to develop responsive and appropriate parental and familial supports, which acknowledge the role of guilt and trauma in parental mental health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Lay Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lots of research suggests that an Autistic child\u2019s so-called \u201cexternalising behaviour\u201d (like aggression or defiance) has a negative impact on that child\u2019s parents\u2019 mental health. But, so far, very few studies have talked directly to parents about why and how they experience distress because of their child\u2019s externalising behaviours. In this study, we interviewed 39 Autistic and non-Autistic parents of Autistic children, to better understand their experiences of specific externalising behaviours. For this study, we were particularly interested in children\u2019s \u201charmful behaviours,\u201d which we defined as violence towards self, others, and\/or property. We wanted parents to tell us in their own words what their experiences of such harmful behaviours were, how they understood these periods of crisis, what they did to respond to their children\u2019s harmful behaviours, and what they felt about the behaviours. When we analysed parents\u2019 responses, we came up with four main ideas or \u201cthemes.\u201d Parents saw harmful behaviours as a combination of child self-harm, suicidal behaviour, and physical violence to their parents, siblings, and property (Theme 1). But parents did not necessarily blame their child, instead understanding that their child\u2019s behaviour was likely an indication of intense or extreme distress or dysregulation (Theme 2). Parents wanted to keep their whole family safe, but they found they had limited options to do this, and they felt there was little or no support to help them during crises (Theme 3). Unfortunately, parents expressed lots of different emotions, like helplessness, grief, guilt, and fear, as a result of their child\u2019s harmful behaviours (Theme 4). We need to understand better what is happening in families, how they are responding, and what support they need to cope so that we can help families who are experiencing these kinds of crises. This article addresses these questions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613261476379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T17:59:07Z","timestamp":1787162347000},"page":"2648-2661","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Impact of \u201cHarmful Behaviours\u201d on Parents of Autistic Children"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9684-3322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melanie","family":"Heyworth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"Reframing Autism, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6394-8435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana Weiting","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"},{"name":"University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7246-8003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Pellicano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"University College London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ault S. Breitenstein S. M. Tucker S. Havercamp S. M. Ford J. L. (2021). Caregivers of children with autism spectrum disorder in rural areas: A literature review of mental health and social support. Journal of Pediatric Nursing 61 229\u2013239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pedn.2021.06.009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2021.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barroso N. E. Mendez L. Graziano P. A. Bagner D. M. (2017). Parenting stress through the lens of different clinical groups: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psycholgogy 46 449\u2013461. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10802-017-0313-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-017-0313-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bedford-Rolleston L. Fenech M. (2026). From burden to adaptation: Evolving constructions of trauma in the early childhood education and care literature. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood. Advance online publication. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/14639491251411955","DOI":"10.1177\/14639491251411955"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braun V. Clarke V. (2019). Reflecting on reflexive thematic analysis. Qualitative Research in Sport Exercise and Health 11(4) 589\u2013597. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/2159676X.2019.1628806","DOI":"10.1080\/2159676X.2019.1628806"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braun V. Clarke V. (2022). Conceptual and design thinking for thematic analysis. Qualitative Psychology 9(1) 3\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/qup0000196","DOI":"10.1037\/qup0000196"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Briggs J. (2020). The enduring fortress: The influence of Bruno Bettelheim in the politics of autism in France. Modern Intellectual History 17(4) 1163\u20131191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1479244319000015","DOI":"10.1017\/S1479244319000015"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai R. Y. Uljarevi\u0107 M. Leekam S. R. (2020). Predicting mental health and psychological wellbeing in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder: Roles of intolerance of uncertainty and coping. Autism Research 13(10) 1797\u20131801. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aur.2341","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2341"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conrad C. E. Lauritsen M. B. F\u00e6rk E. Jakobsen H. Thomsen P. H. George C. (2025). Representations of adult attachment and shame in parents of children on the autism spectrum. Frontiers in Psychology 16 1519090. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1519090","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1519090"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crisan S. Canache M. Buksa D. Nechita D. (2023). A comparison between self-compassion and unconditional self-acceptance: Interventions on self-blame empathy shame- guilt-proneness and performance. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive Behavior Therapy 41 64\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10942-022-00451-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10942-022-00451-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duncan C. Cacciatore J. (2015). A systematic review of the peer-reviewed literature on self-blame guilt and shame. OMEGA \u2013 Journal of Death and Dying 71(4) 312\u2013342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0030222815572604","DOI":"10.1177\/0030222815572604"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Enea V. Rusu D. M. (2020). Raising a child with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review of the literature investigating parenting stress. Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities 13(4) 283\u2013321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19315864.2020.1822962","DOI":"10.1080\/19315864.2020.1822962"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erb S. R. Barata P. C. Sunghwan Y. McLachlan K. Powell D. (2023). The shame and guilt distinction: Addressing the (mal)adaptive nature of guilt. Traumatology 29(2) 233\u2013248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/trm0000388","DOI":"10.1037\/trm0000388"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ganguly O. Tarafder S. (2024). The many faces of guilt: A review mapping unique and overlapping expressions in OCD and depression. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine 48(1) 6\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/02537176241283385","DOI":"10.1177\/02537176241283385"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gjerstad S. F. Nordin L. Poulsen S. Spadaro E. F. A. Palic S. (2024). How is trauma-focused therapy experienced by adults with PTSD? A systematic review of qualitative studies. BMC Psychology 12 135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40359-024-01588-x","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-024-01588-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gray L. Hill V. Pellicano E. (2023). \u201cHe\u2019s shouting so loud but nobody\u2019s hearing him\u201d: A multi-informant study of autistic pupils\u2019 experiences of school non-attendance and exclusion. Autism & Developmental Language Impairments 8 23969415231207816. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/23969415231207816","DOI":"10.1177\/23969415231207816"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greenberg N. Brooks S. Dunn R. (2015). Latest developments in post-traumatic stress disorder: Diagnosis and treatment. British Medical Bulletic 114(1) 147\u2013155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bmb\/ldv014","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldv014"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heyworth M. (2024). Commentary: Addressing stigma through relational design. Neurodiversity 2 27546330241230428. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/27546330241230428","DOI":"10.1177\/27546330241230428"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heyworth M. McMahon C. Tan D. W. Pellicano E. (2025). \u201cThere is nowhere else that I\u2019d rather be than with them\u201d: Parents\u2019 positive experiences parenting autistic children. Autism & Developmental Language Impairments 10 23969415251357222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/23969415251357222","DOI":"10.1177\/23969415251357222"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hinde K. Hald G. M. Hallford D. Gilmour J. Arendt M. Pavan S. Austin D. (2026). Posttraumatic stress symptoms in Australian parents of autistic children: Factor structure on the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) and the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition (PCL-5). Psychological Trauma: Theory Research Practice and Policy 18(5) 1022\u20131035. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/tra0001959","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0001959"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holt A. (2023). \u201cI don\u2019t know what is autism what is normal teenage behaviour and what is naughtiness\u201d: Conceptualising child and adolescent to parent violence in the context of neurodevelopmental difference. Children & Society. Advance online publication. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Fchso.12809","DOI":"10.1111\/chso.12809"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holt A. (2024). \u201cI\u2019m his safe space\u201d: Mothers\u2019 experience of physical violence from their neurodivergent children \u2013 gender conflict and the ethics of care. The British Journal of Criminology 64 811\u2013826. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bjc\/azad074","DOI":"10.1093\/bjc\/azad074"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsiao Y. (2018). Autism spectrum disorders: Family demographics parental stress and family quality of life. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities 15(1) 70\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jppi.12232","DOI":"10.1111\/jppi.12232"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lam X. R. Cheng L. J. Leo C. S. Y. Toh Z. A. He H.-G. (2024). Global prevalence of depression in caregivers of children with autism: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Pediatric Nursing 80 e75\u2013e85. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pedn.2024.11.020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2024.11.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee D. A. Scragg P. Turner S. (2001). The role of shame and guilt in traumatic events: A clinical model of shame-based and guilt-based PTSD. British Journal of Medical Psychology 74 451\u2013466. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1348%2F000711201161109","DOI":"10.1348\/000711201161109"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leonardi J. Gazzillo F. Gorman B. S. Kealy D. (2022). Understanding interpersonal guilt: Associations with attachment altruism and personality pathology. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 63(6) 565\u2013714. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Fsjop.12854","DOI":"10.1111\/sjop.12854"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marcinechov\u00e1 D. Z\u00e1horcov\u00e1 L. Lohazerov\u00e1 K. (2024). Self-forgiveness guilt shame and parental stress among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder. Current Psychology 43 2277\u20132292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12144-023-04476-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-023-04476-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCafferty P. McCutcheon J. (2020). Parenting a child with autism: Considering the stresses supports and implications for social work practice. Child Care in Practice 27(4) 389\u2013405. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13575279.2020.1765145","DOI":"10.1080\/13575279.2020.1765145"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mello C. Rivard M. Morin D. Patel S. Morin M. (2022). Symptom severity internalized and externalized behavioral and emotional problems: Links with parenting stress in mothers of children recently diagnosed with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorcers 52 2400\u20132413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-021-05131-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-021-05131-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mlostek T. (2022). Microtrauma microtraumatic relational patterns in our lives. Does constant dripping wears away the stone? Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology 22(4) 253\u2013260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15557\/PiPK.2022.0032","DOI":"10.15557\/PiPK.2022.0032"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moll K. Krishnan S. (2025). Editorial: Parenting as an influence on the course of neurodevelopmental conditions \u2013 still a taboo topic? The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 66(3) 275\u2013278. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.14111","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.14111"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olson L. Chen B. Ibarra C. Wang T. Mash L. Linke A. Kinnear M. Fishman I. (2022). Externalizing behaviors are associated with increased parenting stress in caregivers of young children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 52 975\u2013986. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-021-04995-w","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-021-04995-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ostfeld-Etzion S. Ben-Artzi E. (2025). Guilt and maternal depression among married and single mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder: Moderation analysis. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities. Advance online publication. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20473869.2025.2504437","DOI":"10.1080\/20473869.2025.2504437"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papoudi D. J\u00f8rgensen C. R. Guldberg K. Meadan H. (2021). Perceptions experiences and needs of parents of culturally and linguistically diverse children with autism: A scoping review. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 8 195\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40489-020-00210-1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40489-020-00210-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paynter K. Heng V. Tucker M. Malone S. (2024). A longitudinal analysis of mothers\u2019 parenting stress and internalizing and externalizing behavior of young children on the autism spectrum. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 55 2294\u20132306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-024-06362-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-024-06362-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pellicano E. den Houting J. (2022). Annual research review: Shifting from \u201cnormal science\u201d to neurodiversity in autism science. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 63(4) 381\u2013396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.13534","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13534"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pugh L. R. Taylor P. J. Berry K. (2015). The role of guilt in the development of post-traumatic stress disorder: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders 182(5) 138\u2013150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2015.04.026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.04.026"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radev S. Freeth M. Thompson A. R. (2023). \u201cI\u2019m not just being difficult. . . I\u2019m finding it difficult\u201d: A qualitative approach to understanding experiences of autistic parents with interacting with statutory services regarding their autistic child. Autism 28(6) 1394\u20131404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13623613231212794","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613231212794"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seymour M. Allen S. Giallo R. Wood C. E. (2022). \u201cDads kind of get forgotten\u201d: The mental health support needs of fathers raising a child with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Family Studies 28(4) 1199\u20131216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13229400.2020.1809491","DOI":"10.1080\/13229400.2020.1809491"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Staniszewska S. Brett J. Simera I. Seers K. Mockford C. Goodlad S. Altman D. G. Moher D. Barber R. Denegri S. Entwistle A. Littlejohns P. Morris C. Suleman R. Thomas V. Tysall C. (2017). GRIPP2 reporting checklists: Tools to improve reporting of patient and public involvement in research. British Medical Journal 358 j3453. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.j3453","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j3453"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stewart M. Knight T. McGillivray J. Forbes D. Austin D. W. (2016). Through a trauma-based lens: A qualitative analysis of the experience of parenting a child with an autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability 42(3) 212\u2013222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/13668250.2016.1232379","DOI":"10.3109\/13668250.2016.1232379"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stewart M. McGillivray J. A. Forbes D. Austin D. W. (2017). Parenting a child with an autism spectrum disorder: A review of parent mental health and its relationship to a trauma-based conceptualization. Advances in Mental Health 15(1) 4\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/18387357.2015.1133075","DOI":"10.1080\/18387357.2015.1133075"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Straussner S. L. Calnan A. J. (2014). Trauma through the life cycle: A review of current literature. Clinical Social Work Journal 42 323\u2013335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10615-014-0496-z","DOI":"10.1007\/s10615-014-0496-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suvarna V. Farrell L. Adams D. Emerson L.-M. Paynter J. (2024). Parenting practices and externalizing behaviors in autistic children: A systematic literature review. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review 27 235\u2013256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10567-024-00467-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-024-00467-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swaab L. Campbell L. E. Tavener M. Goodwin J. (2026). \u201cPeople thought I was a dreadful mother\u201d: Stigma experienced by parents with an autistic child who exhibits aggressive behaviour. Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders 10 144\u2013152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41252-025-00460-2","DOI":"10.1007\/s41252-025-00460-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swaab L. Goodwin J. Wroe J. Woolard A. McCormack L. Campbell L. (2023). Stigma associated with parenting an autistic child with aggressive behaviour: A systematic review. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 10 281\u2013294. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40489-021-00292-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s40489-021-00292-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swaab L. McCormack L. Campbell L. E. (2017). Distress and psychological growth in parenting an adult child with autism spectrum disorder and aggression. Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders 1 260\u2013270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41252-017-0033-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s41252-017-0033-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Temelturk R. D. Yurumez E. Uytun M. C. Oztop D. B. (2021). Parent-child interaction parental attachment styles and parental alexithymia levels of children with ASD. Research in Developmental Disabilities 112 103922. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ridd.2021.103922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2021.103922"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Eickels R. L. Siegel M. Juhasz A. J. Zemp M. (2025). The parent-child relationship and child shame and guilt: A meta-analytic systematic review. Child Development 96(3) 907\u2013929. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cdev.14212","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.14212"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Rosmalen L. van der Veer R. van der Horst F. R. P. (2020). The nature of love: Harlow Bowlby and Bettelheim on affectionless mothers. History of Psychiatry 31(2) 227\u2013231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0957154X","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154X19898997"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vasilopoulou E. Nisbet J. (2016). The quality of life of parents with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 23 36\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rasd.2015.11.008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2015.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ventola P. Lei J. Paisley C. Lebowitz E. Silverman W. (2017). Parenting a child with ASD: Comparison of parenting style between ASD anxiety and typical development. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 47(9) 2873\u20132884. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-017-3210-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-017-3210-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiong T. McGrath O. J. Yakovenko I. Thomson D. Kaltenbach E. (2022). Parenting-related trauma exposure among parents of children intellectual and developmental disorders: Development and validation of the Parenting Trauma Checklist. Journal of Traumatic Stress 35(2) 757\u2013770. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jts.22779","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22779"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yorke I. White P. Weston A. Rafla M. Charman T. Simonoff E. (2018). The association between emotional and behavioral problems in children with autism spectrum disorder and psychological distress in their parents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 48 3393\u20133415. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-018-3605-y","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-018-3605-y"}],"container-title":["Autism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13623613261476379","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/13623613261476379","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13623613261476379","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T05:16:37Z","timestamp":1790831797000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/13623613261476379"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/13623613261476379"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13623613261476379","relation":{},"ISSN":["1362-3613","1461-7005"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1362-3613","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-7005","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]}}}