{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T00:35:56Z","timestamp":1792888556960,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008152","name":"Autism Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Predoctoral Fellowship to EW"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Predoctoral Fellowship to EW"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008152","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Autism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Depression remains underdiagnosed in non- and minimally speaking (NMS) autistic adults, despite caregiver concerns suggesting high rates of mood-related difficulties, as such this study evaluates the validity, reliability, and feasibility of three established caregiver-report depression measures (Anxiety, Depression, and Mood Scale-ADAMS; Glasgow Depression Scale\u2013Caregiver Supplement-GDS-CS; Mood, Interest, and Pleasure Questionnaire-MIPQ) with 160 caregivers of NMS autistic adults. Participants completed surveys, and a subset engaged in cognitive interviews to assess content validity and usability. Psychometric analyses included confirmatory factor analyses, internal consistency estimation, and exploratory cut-off scores based on parent-reported concern about depression. Results indicated that the GDS-CS had the strongest support, showing acceptable model fit, fair reliability, and high caregiver acceptability. The ADAMS also demonstrated strong psychometric properties and feasibility, with the added benefit of capturing related symptoms such as anxiety. The MIPQ, while designed for individuals with limited language, showed poor model fit and lower caregiver usability. Findings support the use of the GDS-CS and ADAMS as promising tools for screening depression in NMS autistic adults and highlight the need for further validation and tailored mental health assessment approaches for this underserved population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Lay Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Some autistic people do not use speech to communicate, even when they become adults. These individuals are called minimally speaking (or nonspeaking; NMS). Many parents think their NMS autistic adult children may be depressed, but few have a diagnosis from a doctor. One reason for this is that most ways doctors check for depression ask about feelings using spoken words. This does not work well for people who do not speak. This study asked 160 parents of minimally speaking autistic adults to fill out three surveys that may help identify depression. The surveys were the ADAMS, the GDS-CS, and the MIPQ. The parents answered questions about how their adult children behave, how often certain things happen, and whether they think their child is depressed. Some parents also talked in interviews about how easy or hard the surveys were to understand and complete. The results showed that two of the surveys, the ADAMS and the GDS-CS, worked pretty well and were quick to fill out. Parents said the GDS-CS was the easiest to understand. The third survey, the MIPQ, was harder for parents to use and did not work as well. This study shows that it is possible to screen for depression in autistic adults who do not speak by asking caregivers the right kinds of questions. It also shows that more research is needed to make sure these tools work for everyone. Doctors and caregivers can use these tools to find people who may be feeling depressed and need more help. This is an important step toward making sure all autistic adults, including those who don\u2019t speak, get the mental health care they need.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613261480395","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T09:44:01Z","timestamp":1790675041000},"page":"2816-2830","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Depression Screening Tools for Non- and Minimally Speaking Autistic Adults: Feasibility, Psychometrics, and Wider Validity"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0755-9432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ellen","family":"Wilkinson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rutgers University\u2013New Brunswick, NJ, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keya","family":"Pai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rutgers University\u2013New Brunswick, NJ, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3985-6098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Jahoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0495-8270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard P.","family":"Hastings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0750-823X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa H.","family":"Bal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rutgers University\u2013New Brunswick, NJ, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","volume-title":"Aberrant behavior checklist, community\/residential manual","author":"Aman M. G.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Aman M. G., Singh N. (2017). Aberrant behavior checklist, community\/residential manual (2nd ed.). Slosson Educational Publications, Inc.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.).","edition":"4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angel L. Ailey S. H. Delaney K. R. Mohr L. (2023). Presentation of depressive symptoms in autism spectrum disorders. Western Journal of Nursing Research 45(9) 854\u2013861. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/01939459231190269","DOI":"10.1177\/01939459231190269"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bailey R. Mokonogho J. Kumar A. (2019). Racial and ethnic differences in depression: Current perspectives. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 15 603\u2013609. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/NDT.S128584","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S128584"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bal V. H. Katz T. Bishop S. L. Krasileva K. (2016). Understanding definitions of minimally verbal across instruments: Evidence for subgroups within minimally verbal children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 57(12) 1424\u20131433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.12609","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12609"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bal V. H. Maye M. Salzman E. Huerta M. Pepa L. Risi S. Lord C. (2019). The adapted ADOS: A new module set for the assessment of minimally verbal adolescents and adults. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 50 719\u2013729. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-019-04302-8","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-019-04302-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bal V. H. Wilkinson E. Pepa L. Wynn P. Gravino A. Hastings R. P. Jahoda A. (2025). Feasibility of Beatit-Aut: Behavioral activation therapy adapted for the treatment of depression in autistic adults. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice 33 648\u2013663. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cbpra.2025.09.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpra.2025.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baudewijns L. Ronsse E. Verstraete V. Sabbe B. Morrens M. Bertelli M. O. (2018). Problem behaviours and Major Depressive Disorder in adults with intellectual disability and autism. Psychiatry Research 270 769\u2013774. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.10.039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.10.039"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernstein A. M. Visconti K. J. Csorba J. Radvanyi K. Rojahn J. (2015). The relationship between challenging behaviours mood and interest\/pleasure in adults with severe and profound intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 59(11) 1033\u20131041. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jir.12202","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12202"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braun V. Clarke V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology 3(2) 77\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brinkley J. Nations L. Abramson R. K. Hall A. Wright H. H. Gabriels R. Gilbert J. R. Pericak-Vance M. A. O. Cuccaro M. L. (2007). Factor analysis of the aberrant behavior checklist in individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 37(10) 1949\u20131959. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-006-0327-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0327-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen J.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohen J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Psychology Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cuthill F. M. Espie C. A. Cooper S.-A. (2003). Development and psychometric properties of the Glasgow Depression Scale for people with a Learning Disability: Individual and carer supplement versions. British Journal of Psychiatry 182(4) 347\u2013353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.182.4.347","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.182.4.347"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dunn O. J. (1961). Multiple comparisons among means. Journal of the American Statistical Association 56(293) 52\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01621459.1961.10482090","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1961.10482090"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esbensen A. J. Benson B. A. (2006). A prospective analysis of life events problem behaviours and depression in adults with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 50(4) 248\u2013258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2005.00816.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2005.00816.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esbensen A. J. Rojahn J. Aman M. G. Ruedrich S. (2003). Reliability and validity of an assessment instrument for anxiety depression and mood among individuals with mental retardation. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 33(6) 617\u2013629. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/B:JADD.0000005999.27178.55","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JADD.0000005999.27178.55"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_1","volume-title":"DM-ID 2: Diagnostic manual - intellectual disability\u202f; a textbook of diagnosis of mental disorders in persons with intellectual disability","author":"Fletcher R. J.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fletcher R. J., National Association of the Dually Diagnosed, & American Psychiatric Association (Eds.). (2016). DM-ID 2: Diagnostic manual - intellectual disability\u202f; a textbook of diagnosis of mental disorders in persons with intellectual disability (2nd ed.). NADD Press.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flora D. B. (2020). Your coefficient alpha is probably wrong but which coefficient omega is right? A tutorial on using r to obtain better reliability estimates. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science 3(4) 484\u2013501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2515245920951747","DOI":"10.1177\/2515245920951747"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flynn S. Vereenooghe L. Hastings R. P. Adams D. Cooper S.-A. Gore N. Hatton C. Hood K. Jahoda A. Langdon P. E. McNamara R. Oliver C. Roy A. Totsika V. Waite J. (2017). Measurement tools for mental health problems and mental well-being in people with severe or profound intellectual disabilities: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review 57 32\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2017.08.006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2017.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fok M. Bal V. H. (2019). Differences in profiles of emotional behavioral problems across instruments in verbal versus minimally verbal children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Research 12(9) 1367\u20131375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aur.2126","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2126"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayes S. McGuire B. O\u2019Neill M. Oliver C. Morrison T. (2011). Low mood and challenging behaviour in people with severe and profound intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 55(2) 182\u2013189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2010.01355.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2010.01355.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hermans H. Jelluma N. Van Der Pas F. H. Evenhuis H. M. (2012). Feasibility reliability and validity of the Dutch translation of the Anxiety Depression and Mood Scale in older adults with intellectual disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities 33(2) 315\u2013323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ridd.2011.09.018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2011.09.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hollocks M. J. Lerh J. W. Magiati I. Meiser-Stedman R. Brugha T. S. (2019). Anxiety and depression in adults with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine 49(4) 559\u2013572. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291718002283","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291718002283"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Howlin P. Savage S. Moss P. Tempier A. Rutter M. (2014). Cognitive and language skills in adults with autism: A 40-year follow-up. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 55(1) 49\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.12115","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12115"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu L. Bentler P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal 6(1) 1\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10705519909540118","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jahoda A. Dagnan D. Hastings R. Gillooly A. Miller J. Baines S. Hatton C. (2024). Adapting psychological interventions for people with severe and profound intellectual disabilities: A behavioural activation exemplar. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities 37(2) Article e13199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jar.13199","DOI":"10.1111\/jar.13199"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jahoda A. Hastings R. Hatton C. Cooper S.-A. Dagnan D. Zhang R. McConnachie A. McMeekin N. Appleton K. Jones R. Scott K. Fulton L. Knight R. Knowles D. Williams C. Briggs A. MacMahon K. Lynn H. Smith I. Melville C. (2017). Comparison of behavioural activation with guided self-help for treatment of depression in adults with intellectual disabilities: A randomised controlled trial. The Lancet Psychiatry 4(12) 909\u2013919. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2215-0366(17)30426-1","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(17)30426-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jean F. A. M. Jouni A. Bouvard M. P. Camelot G. Beggiato A. Scheid I. Gaman A. Bouquet C. Ly-Le Moal M. Houenou J. Delorme R. Leboyer M. Amestoy A. (2022). Overlap of anxiety depression irritability and aggressiveness in autism spectrum disorder: An exploratory study using cluster analysis. Advances in Autism 8(4) 275\u2013293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/AIA-08-2020-0048","DOI":"10.1108\/AIA-08-2020-0048"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jenkins H. Theodore K. Cooper M. Breen J. Hewitt O. (2025). An evaluation of the psychometric properties of the adapted PHQ-9 and GAD-7 outcome measures for use with adults with intellectual disability. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 53 275\u2013288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1352465825000104","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352465825000104"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jordan A. L. Marczak M. Knibbs J. (2021). \u2018I felt like I was floating in space\u2019: Autistic adults\u2019 experiences of low mood and depression. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 51(5) 1683\u20131694. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-020-04638-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-020-04638-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koegel L. K. Bryan K. M. Su P. L. Vaidya M. Camarata S. (2020). Definitions of nonverbal and minimally verbal in research for autism: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 50(8) 2957\u20132972. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-020-04402-w","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-020-04402-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lai M.-C. Kassee C. Besney R. Bonato S. Hull L. Mandy W. Szatmari P. Ameis S. H. (2019). Prevalence of co-occurring mental health diagnoses in the autism population: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry 6(10) 819\u2013829. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30289-5","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30289-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lever A. G. Geurts H. M. (2016). Psychiatric co-occurring symptoms and disorders in young middle-aged and older adults with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 46(6) 1916\u20131930. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-016-2722-8","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-016-2722-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li C.-H. (2016). Confirmatory factor analysis with ordinal data: Comparing robust maximum likelihood and diagonally weighted least squares. Behavior Research Methods 48(3) 936\u2013949. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-015-0619-7","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-015-0619-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.1.2.130"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Norris M. Aman M. G. Mazurek M. O. Scherr J. F. Butter E. M. (2019). Psychometric characteristics of the aberrant behavior checklist in a well-defined sample of youth with autism Spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 62 1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rasd.2019.02.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2019.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petry K. Kuppens S. Vos P. Maes B. (2010). Psychometric evaluation of the Dutch version of the Mood Interest and Pleasure Questionnaire (MIPQ). Research in Developmental Disabilities 31(6) 1652\u20131658. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ridd.2010.04.011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2010.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pickles A. Anderson D. K. Lord C. (2014). Heterogeneity and plasticity in the development of language: A 17-year follow-up of children referred early for possible autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 55(12) 1354\u20131362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.12269","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12269"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_1","volume-title":"The mini PAS-ADD: An assessment schedule for the detection of mental health needs in adults with learning disability (mental retardation)","author":"Prosser H.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Prosser H., Moss S., Costello H., Simpson N., Patel P. (1997). The mini PAS-ADD: An assessment schedule for the detection of mental health needs in adults with learning disability (mental retardation). Hester Adrian Research Centre, University of Manchester."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ross E. Oliver C. (2003). Preliminary analysis of the psychometric properties of the Mood Interest & Pleasure Questionnaire (MIPQ) for adults with severe and profound learning disabilities. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 42(1) 81\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1348\/014466503762842039","DOI":"10.1348\/014466503762842039"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scheirs J. G. M. Muller A. Manders N. C. P. Van Der Zanden C. D. (2023). The prevalence and diagnosis of depression in people with mild or borderline intellectual disability: Multiple instrument testing tells us more. Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities 16(1) 54\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19315864.2022.2029642","DOI":"10.1080\/19315864.2022.2029642"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shrout P. E. (1998). Measurement reliability and agreement in psychiatry. Statistical Methods in Medical Research 7(3) 301\u2013317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/096228029800700306","DOI":"10.1191\/096228098672090967"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The SPARK Consortium. (2018). SPARK: A US Cohort of 50 000 families to accelerate autism research. Neuron 97(3) 488\u2013493. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.01.015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.01.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tager-Flusberg H. (2006). Defining language phenotypes in autism. Clinical Neuroscience Research 6(3\u20134) 219\u2013224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cnr.2006.06.007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnr.2006.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tager-Flusberg H. Skwerer D. P. Joseph R. M. Brukilacchio B. Decker J. Eggleston B. Meyer S. Yoder A. (2016). Conducting research with minimally verbal participants with autism spectrum disorder. Autism 21(7) 852\u2013861. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1362361316654605","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361316654605"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19447515.2025.2578980"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_1","volume-title":"Analysis of the cognitive interview in questionnaire design","author":"Willis G. B.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Willis G. B. (2015). Analysis of the cognitive interview in questionnaire design. Oxford University Press."}],"container-title":["Autism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13623613261480395","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/13623613261480395","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13623613261480395","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T00:17:31Z","timestamp":1792887451000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/13623613261480395"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/13623613261480395"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13623613261480395","relation":{},"ISSN":["1362-3613","1461-7005"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1362-3613","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-7005","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]}}}