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Qualitative methods including individual interviews, focus groups, and interviews with key informants addressed questions regarding trauma experience and HIV-risk behavior. A history of pre-migration trauma was found to be associated with HIV-risk behavior. According to the participants, symptoms associated with post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, adjustment disorder, and substance use mediated the relationship between pre-migration trauma and sexual risk behavior. In contrast, a minority of the participants who reported pre-migration trauma but not psychological sequelae, or experienced post-traumatic growth, reported safer sexual practices. It appears that for some individuals, pre-migration trauma resulted in psychiatric sequelae, which may increase an individual's risk to be infected with HIV. Interventions targeted at individuals at increased risk (i.e. pre-migration trauma with unresolved psychiatric symptomatology) may facilitate the prevention of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases in this population. Integration of multiple psychosocial and health issues is recommended for comprehensive treatment and prevention programs. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1363461503040001006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,9]],"date-time":"2003-07-09T21:46:40Z","timestamp":1057787200000},"page":"91-108","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Pre-Migration Trauma and HIV-Risk Behavior"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Steel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Karolinska Institute"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claes","family":"Herlitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalarna Research Institute"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jesse","family":"Matthews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Snyder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Mazzaferro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andy","family":"Baum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T\u00f6res","family":"Theorell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karolinska Institute"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,1]]},"reference":[{"unstructured":"Ackerhans, M. & Westphal, V. 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