{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T00:23:48Z","timestamp":1778631828618,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,1]],"date-time":"2005-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1117584000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transcult Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> We interviewed 100 women prostituting in Vancouver, Canada. We found an extremely high prevalence of lifetime violence and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Fifty-two percent of our interviewees were women from Canada\u2019s First Nations, a significant overrepresentation in prostitution compared with their representation in Vancouver generally(1.7-7%). Eighty-two percent reported a history of childhood sexual abuse, by an average of four perpetrators. Seventy-two percent reported childhood physical abuse, 90% had been physically assaulted in prostitution, 78% had been raped in prostitution. Seventy-two percent met DSM-IV criteria for PTSD. Ninety-five percent said that they wanted to leave prostitution. Eighty-six percent reported current or past homelessness with housing as one of their most urgent needs. Eighty-two percent expressed a need for treatment for drug or alcohol addictions. Findings are discussed in terms of the legacy of colonialism, the intrinsically traumatizing nature of prostitution and prostitution\u2019s violations of basic human rights. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1363461505052667","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,15]],"date-time":"2005-06-15T11:24:47Z","timestamp":1118834687000},"page":"242-271","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["Prostitution in Vancouver: Violence and the Colonization of First Nations Women"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Melissa","family":"Farley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Prostitution Research and Education, San Francisco,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Lynne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vancouver, British Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ann J.","family":"Cotton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, Seattle"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994","edition":"4"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014387429057"},{"key":"atypb3","first-page":"47","volume":"5","author":"Baldwin, M. A.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Yale Journal of Law and Feminism"},{"key":"atypb4","first-page":"65","volume":"1","author":"Baldwin, M.A.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Michigan Journal of Gender and Law"},{"key":"atypb5","first-page":"189","volume":"10","author":"Baldwin, M. A.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hastings Women\u2019s Law Journal"},{"key":"atypb6","volume-title":"Female sexual slavery","author":"Barry, K.","year":"1979"},{"key":"atypb7","volume-title":"The prostitution of sexuality","author":"Barry, K.","year":"1995"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014894506325"},{"key":"atypb9","volume-title":"Prostitution and morality: A definitive report on the prostitute in contemporary society and analysis of the causes and effects of the suppression of prostitution","author":"Benjamin, H. B.","year":"1964"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(02)00081-3"},{"key":"atypb11","volume-title":"Dispelling myths and understanding realities: Working conditions, health status and exiting experiences of sex workers","author":"Benoit, C.","year":"2001"},{"key":"atypb12","volume-title":"The Inequalities in health: A comparison of Indian and Canadian mortality trends","author":"Bobet, E.","year":"1990"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10826087609058808"},{"key":"atypb14","first-page":"87","volume":"5","author":"Bourgeault, R.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Socialist Studies"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1991.tb05507.x"},{"key":"atypb16","volume-title":"Survival sex in King County: Helping women out","author":"Boyer, D.","year":"1993"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/JA-120002806"},{"key":"atypb18","volume-title":"Aboriginal women with addictions: A discussion paper on triple marginalization in the health care system","author":"Brunen, L.","year":"2000"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J013v37n03_01"},{"key":"atypb20","first-page":"25","volume":"4","author":"Cler-Cunningham, L.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Research for Sex Work"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10204-000"},{"key":"atypb22","volume-title":"Violence against women in Vancouver\u2019s street level sex trade and the police response","author":"Cunningham, L. C.","year":"2001"},{"key":"atypb23","unstructured":"Currie, S. (1994). Assessing the violence against street involved women in                 the downtown eastside\/Strathcona community: A needs assessment. Cited in                 Federal\/Provincial Territorial Working Group on Prostitution (1998) Report and                     recommendations in respect of legislation, policy and practices concerning                     prostitution-related activities. Canadian Federal\/Provincial Working Group                 on Prostitution."},{"key":"atypb24","volume-title":"Pornography: Men possessing women","author":"Dworkin, A.","year":"1981"},{"key":"atypb25","volume-title":"Life and death","author":"Dworkin, A.","year":"1997"},{"key":"atypb26","volume-title":"Scapegoat: The Jews, Israel, and women\u2019s liberation","author":"Dworkin, A.","year":"2000"},{"key":"atypb27","unstructured":"Elizabeth Fry Society of Toronto                 . (1987). Streetwork outreach with adult female prostitutes:                     Final report, 5, 12-13."},{"key":"atypb28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(97)00133-6"},{"key":"atypb29","volume-title":"Preliminary report on prostitution in New Zealand","author":"Farley, M.","year":"2003"},{"key":"atypb30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J015v26n03_06"},{"key":"atypb31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0959353598084002"},{"key":"atypb32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J013v27n03_03"},{"key":"atypb33","first-page":"33","volume-title":"Prostitution, trafficking and traumatic stress","author":"Farley, M.","year":"2003"},{"key":"atypb34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J012v11n04_04"},{"key":"atypb35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.2001.89.3.595"},{"key":"atypb36","volume-title":"Report and recommendations in respect of legislation, policy and practices concerning prostitution-related activities","author":"Federal\/Provincial Territorial Working Group on Prostitution","year":"1998"},{"key":"atypb37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007725015225"},{"key":"atypb38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17953\/aicr.19.2.217215u557043668"},{"key":"atypb39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.2490090104"},{"key":"atypb40","volume-title":"Pedagogy of the oppressed","author":"Freire, P.","year":"1994"},{"key":"atypb41","first-page":"247","volume":"16","author":"Frideres, J. S.","year":"1996","journal-title":"The Canadian Journal of Native Studies"},{"key":"atypb42","volume-title":"Native peoples in Canada: Contemporary conflicts","author":"Frideres, J. S.","year":"1993","edition":"6"},{"key":"atypb43","first-page":"429","volume-title":"Neurobiological and clinical consequences of stress: From normal adaptation to posttraumatic stress disorder","author":"Friedman, J.","year":"1995"},{"key":"atypb44","volume-title":"Rape and sexual assault III: A research handbook","author":"Giobbe, E.","year":"1991"},{"key":"atypb45","first-page":"33","volume":"1","author":"Giobbe, E.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Michigan Journal of Gender & Law"},{"key":"atypb46","first-page":"130","volume":"13","author":"Golding, J.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Health Promotion"},{"key":"atypb47","volume-title":"Children and crime: Victims and offenders conference","author":"Grant, A."},{"key":"atypb48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/0956462991914708"},{"key":"atypb49","volume-title":"Backstreets: Prostitution, money and love","author":"Hoigard, C.","year":"1986"},{"key":"atypb50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/088626091006003008"},{"key":"atypb51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00224490309552181"},{"key":"atypb52","volume-title":"Unequal treatment: Confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care","author":"Institute of Medicine","year":"2002"},{"key":"atypb53","volume-title":"Prostitutes - Our life","author":"Jaget, C.","year":"1980"},{"key":"atypb54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10555-007"},{"key":"atypb55","volume-title":"Colonizing bodies: Aboriginal health and healing in British Columbia, 1900-1950","author":"Kelm, M.","year":"1998"},{"key":"atypb56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.2490040111"},{"key":"atypb57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-1886-8"},{"key":"atypb58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/136346159403100101"},{"key":"atypb59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/136346150003700102"},{"key":"atypb60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archfami.1.1.53"},{"key":"atypb61","first-page":"187","volume-title":"Prostitution, trafficking and traumatic stress","author":"Kramer, L.","year":"2003"},{"key":"atypb62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10501-010"},{"key":"atypb63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00288164"},{"key":"atypb64","first-page":"133","volume":"1","author":"Leidholdt, D.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cardozo Women\u2019s Law Journal"},{"key":"atypb65","volume-title":"annual convention of the Asian American Psychological Association","author":"Louie, L."},{"key":"atypb66","first-page":"56","volume-title":"Prostitution: An international handbook on trends, problems, and policies","author":"Lowman, J.","year":"1993"},{"key":"atypb67","volume-title":"Street prostitution: Assessing the impact of the law","author":"Lowman, J.","year":"1989"},{"key":"atypb68","unstructured":"Lowman, J. & Fraser, L. (1995). Violence against persons who                     prostitute: The experience in British Columbia. Unedited technical report.                 Department of Justice Canada. Cited in Federal\/Provincial Territorial Working Group                 on Prostitution (1998) Report and recommendations in respect of legislation,                     policy and practices concerning prostitution-related activities. Canadian                 Federal\/Provincial Working Group on Prostitution."},{"key":"atypb69","unstructured":"Lynne, J. A. M. (1998). Street prostitution as sexual exploitation in                     First Nations women\u2019s lives. Unpublished master\u2019s                 thesis, University of British Colombia, Vancouver."},{"key":"atypb70","first-page":"13","volume":"1","author":"MacKinnon, C. A.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Michigan Journal of Gender and Law"},{"key":"atypb71","volume-title":"Sex equality","author":"MacKinnon, C. A.","year":"2001"},{"key":"atypb72","volume-title":"Sex work on the streets: Prostitutes and their clients","author":"McKeganey, N.","year":"1996"},{"key":"atypb73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01639625.1995.9967984"},{"key":"atypb74","volume-title":"An address to United Nations","author":"Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade","year":"2001"},{"key":"atypb75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.147.1.83"},{"key":"atypb76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.10060"},{"key":"atypb77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/088626098013002003"},{"key":"atypb78","first-page":"360","volume-title":"Aboriginal peoples and the justice system: Report of the National Round Table on Aboriginal Justice Issues, Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples","author":"Nahanee, T.","year":"1993"},{"key":"atypb79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024496427434"},{"key":"atypb80","volume-title":"Sexual assault in Indian country: Confronting sexual violence","author":"National Sexual Violence Resource Center","year":"2000"},{"key":"atypb81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J020v18n03_02"},{"issue":"2","key":"atypb82","first-page":"18","volume":"6","author":"Old Dog Cross, P.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Listening Post"},{"key":"atypb83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/089124393007001006"},{"key":"atypb84","volume-title":"Health experiences of Twin Cities women used in prostitution","author":"Parriott R.","year":"1994"},{"key":"atypb85","volume-title":"The prostitution prism","author":"Pheterson, G.","year":"1996"},{"key":"atypb86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-842X.2001.tb00555.x"},{"key":"atypb87","first-page":"274","volume-title":"Violence against women: A physician\u2019s guide to identification and management","author":"Polacca, M.","year":"2003"},{"key":"atypb88","volume-title":"2000 United States population data","author":"Population Reference Bureau","year":"2000"},{"key":"atypb89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh110"},{"key":"atypb90","volume-title":"Lost voices: Women, chronic pain, and abuse","author":"Radomsky, N. A.","year":"1995"},{"key":"atypb91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.162.1.55"},{"key":"atypb92","volume-title":"Sisters speak out: The lives and needs of prostituted women in Chicago","author":"Raphael, J.","year":"2002"},{"key":"atypb93","author":"Rees, A.","year":"2001","journal-title":"The Province"},{"key":"atypb94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10555-009"},{"key":"atypb95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10555-014"},{"key":"atypb96","first-page":"328","volume":"41","author":"Ross, C. A.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Hospital and Community Psychiatry"},{"key":"atypb97","first-page":"199","volume-title":"Prostitution, trafficking, and traumatic stress","author":"Ross, C.","year":"2003"},{"key":"atypb98","volume-title":"Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples","author":"Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples","year":"1996"},{"key":"atypb99","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Fourth world geopolitical reader I: International relations and political geography between nations and states","author":"Ryser, R.","year":"1995"},{"key":"atypb100","volume-title":"The involvement of children in commercial sexual activity","author":"Saphira, M.","year":"2003"},{"key":"atypb101","volume-title":"Year one: 1999-2000 Out of the shadows and into the light: A project to address the commercial sexual exploitation of girls and boys in Canada first year end report","author":"Save the Children Canada","year":"2000"},{"key":"atypb102","first-page":"74","volume-title":"Global human smuggling: Comparative perspectives","author":"Scully, E.","year":"2001"},{"key":"atypb103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2134(81)90050-8"},{"key":"atypb104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0044118X82013004005"},{"key":"atypb105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sw\/28.4.285"},{"key":"atypb106","volume-title":"Sexual assault of prostitutes","author":"Silbert, M. H.","year":"1982"},{"key":"atypb107","first-page":"335","volume-title":"Neurobiological and clinical consequences of stress: From normal adaptation to posttraumatic stress disorder","author":"Southwick, S.","year":"1995"},{"key":"atypb108","first-page":"350","author":"Special Committee on Pornography and Prostitution","year":"1985","journal-title":". 2 Pornography and Prostitution in Canada"},{"key":"atypb109","first-page":"17","volume-title":"Prostitution, trafficking and traumatic stress","author":"Stark, C.","year":"2003"},{"key":"atypb110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2307\/jj.3205992.6","volume-title":"Mental health, racism, and sexism","author":"Turner, C. B.","year":"1995"},{"key":"atypb111","volume-title":"Indigenous children face greater threats to survival","author":"UNICEF","year":"2004"},{"key":"atypb112","volume-title":"Mental health: Culture, race, and ethnicity: A supplement to mental health: A report of the Surgeon General: Executive summary","author":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services","year":"2001"},{"key":"atypb113","volume-title":"Healing ways Aboriginal health and service review","author":"Vancouver\/Richmond Health Board","year":"1999"},{"key":"atypb114","volume-title":"Prostitutes\u2019 well-being and risk","author":"Vanwesenbeeck I.","year":"1994"},{"key":"atypb115","first-page":"169","volume-title":"Ethnicity, immigration, and psychopathology","author":"Waldram, J. B.","year":"1997"},{"key":"atypb116","volume-title":"Aboriginal health in Canada: Historical, cultural, and epidemiological perspectives","author":"Waldram, J. B.","year":"2000"},{"issue":"1","key":"atypb117","first-page":"S104","volume":"117","author":"Walters, K. L.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Public Health Reports"},{"key":"atypb118","volume-title":"9th annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies","author":"Weathers, F. W."},{"key":"atypb119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000446-198512000-00065"},{"key":"atypb120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559500005001006"},{"issue":"1","key":"atypb121","first-page":"26","volume":"109","author":"Williams, D. R.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Public Health Reports"},{"key":"atypb122","volume-title":"Declaration and agenda for action of sexually exploited children and youth","author":"Youth Delegates of Out of the Shadows: International Summit of Sexually Exploited Youth","year":"1998"}],"container-title":["Transcultural Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1363461505052667","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1363461505052667","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T15:00:40Z","timestamp":1737990040000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1363461505052667"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]},"references-count":122,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1363461505052667"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1363461505052667","relation":{},"ISSN":["1363-4615","1461-7471"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1363-4615","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-7471","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]}}}