{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T15:45:45Z","timestamp":1785253545344,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3-4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,6]],"date-time":"2012-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1325808000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transcult Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Historically, organized violence has been a chronic pervasive problem in Haiti. We set out to elicit Haitians\u2019 views on its effects to guide the development of interventions. In March 2006 we studied a population in the slum area of Cap-Haitien, Haiti\u2019s second largest city, and the nearby towns of Milot and Limbe. A convenience sample of adults was asked to free list all current problems affecting victims of organized violence. Two major categories emerged: psychological problems and financial problems. The psychological problems of \u201cfeeling startled and loss of self control,\u201d \u201csadness\/grief,\u201d \u201ccontinuing to suffer from reliving\/reexperiencing past events,\u201d \u201cproblems in the head\/mental problems,\u201d \u201cdeep suffering in the heart,\u201d and \u201cthinking too much\u201d emerged as themes from key-informant interviews. These may correspond to constructs of depression, dysthymia, and anxiety disorders including posttraumatic stress disorder in psychiatric nosology. The development of effective interventions can therefore consider those known to be effective for these problems in other settings. However in selecting interventions, considerations must also include local acceptability, perceived causes of problems, and their social effects. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1363461511433945","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,7]],"date-time":"2012-01-07T02:16:02Z","timestamp":1325902562000},"page":"590-612","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["The mental health and psychosocial effects of organized violence: A qualitative study in northern Haiti"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Paul","family":"Bolton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health"},{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Recherche et d\u2019Action M\u00e9dico-L\u00e9gale (URAMEL)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela J.","family":"Surkan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health"},{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Recherche et d\u2019Action M\u00e9dico-L\u00e9gale (URAMEL)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amber E.","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trauma Resources International"},{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Recherche et d\u2019Action M\u00e9dico-L\u00e9gale (URAMEL)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marine","family":"Desmousseaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Recherche et d\u2019Action M\u00e9dico-L\u00e9gale (URAMEL)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1363461511433945","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.86.11.1561"},{"key":"bibr2-1363461511433945","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994","edition":"4"},{"key":"bibr3-1363461511433945","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.5.580"},{"key":"bibr4-1363461511433945","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-200104000-00006"},{"key":"bibr5-1363461511433945","unstructured":"Bosch, P. & Ridder, K. (2004, February 23). Capital braces after rebels seize Cap-Haitien. The Boston Globe. 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(2004, March 1). The Aristide resignation: The finale; Aristide flees after a shove from the U.S. The New York Times. 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