{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T03:49:46Z","timestamp":1792208986575,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,24]],"date-time":"2013-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1379980800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transcult Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The current paper reviews research that has explored the intergenerational effects of the Indian Residential School (IRS) system in Canada, in which Aboriginal children were forced to live at schools where various forms of neglect and abuse were common. Intergenerational IRS trauma continues to undermine the well-being of today\u2019s Aboriginal population, and having a familial history of IRS attendance has also been linked with more frequent contemporary stressor experiences and relatively greater effects of stressors on well-being. It is also suggested that familial IRS attendance across several generations within a family appears to have cumulative effects. Together, these findings provide empirical support for the concept of historical trauma, which takes the perspective that the consequences of numerous and sustained attacks against a group may accumulate over generations and interact with proximal stressors to undermine collective well-being. As much as historical trauma might be linked to pathology, it is not possible to go back in time to assess how previous traumas endured by Aboriginal peoples might be related to subsequent responses to IRS trauma. Nonetheless, the currently available research demonstrating the intergenerational effects of IRSs provides support for the enduring negative consequences of these experiences and the role of historical trauma in contributing to present day disparities in well-being.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1363461513503380","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,25]],"date-time":"2013-09-25T01:14:56Z","timestamp":1380071696000},"page":"320-338","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":379,"title":["The intergenerational effects of Indian Residential Schools: Implications for the concept of historical trauma"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Amy","family":"Bombay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ottawa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly","family":"Matheson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carleton University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hymie","family":"Anisman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carleton University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1363461513503380","volume-title":"Education for extinction: American Indians and the boarding school experience, 1875\u20131928","author":"Adams D. W.","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr2-1363461513503380","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-842X.2001.tb00310.x"},{"key":"bibr3-1363461513503380","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2008.01.004"},{"key":"bibr4-1363461513503380","volume-title":"Breaking the silence: An interpretive study of Residential School impact and healing as illustrated by the stories of First Nations individuals","author":"Assembly of First Nations (AFN)","year":"1994"},{"key":"bibr5-1363461513503380","volume-title":"First Nations Regional Longitudinal Health Survey (RHS) 2002\/03: The peoples\u2019 report (Rev. 2nd ed.)","author":"Assembly of First Nations (AFN)\/First Nations Information Governance Committee (FNIGC)","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr6-1363461513503380","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511819674.006"},{"key":"bibr7-1363461513503380","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1363461511410240"},{"key":"bibr8-1363461513503380","unstructured":"Bombay, A., Matheson, K. & Anisman, A. (2012). Personal wellness & after-school activities. In The First Nations Information Governance Centre (Ed.),\n                      First Nations Regional Health Survey (RHS) Phase 2 (2008\/10): National report on the adult, youth, and children living in First Nations communities\n                      (pp. 340\u2013357). Ottawa, Canada: The First Nations Information Governance Centre."},{"key":"bibr9-1363461513503380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bombay, A., Matheson, K. & Anisman, H. (2014). Appraisals of discriminatory events among adult offspring of Indian Residential School Survivors: The influences of identity centrality and past perceptions of discrimination.\n                      Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 20(1), 75\u201386.\n                      .","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033352"},{"key":"bibr10-1363461513503380","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pops.12029"},{"key":"bibr11-1363461513503380","volume-title":"Student-to-student abuse in Indian Residential Schools: An exploratory investigation","author":"Bombay A."},{"key":"bibr12-1363461513503380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bougie, E. & Sen\u00e9cal, S. (2010). Registered Indian children\u2019s school success and intergenerational effects of Residential schooling in Canada.\n                      The International Indigenous Policy Journal\n                      ,\n                      1\n                      (1). Retrieved from http:\/\/ir.lib.uwo.ca\/iipj\/vol1\/iss1\/5.","DOI":"10.18584\/iipj.2010.1.1.5"},{"key":"bibr13-1363461513503380","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.77.1.135"},{"key":"bibr14-1363461513503380","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J137v02n01_08"},{"key":"bibr15-1363461513503380","first-page":"56","volume":"8","author":"Brave Heart M. Y. H.","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research"},{"key":"bibr16-1363461513503380","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13576500444000047"},{"key":"bibr17-1363461513503380","first-page":"213","volume-title":"Self-continuity: Individual and collective perspectives","author":"Chandler M. J.","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr18-1363461513503380","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2009.09.020"},{"key":"bibr19-1363461513503380","unstructured":"Craib, K. J. P., Spittal, P. M., Patel, S. H., Christian, W. M., Moniruzzaman, A., Pearce, M. E.\u2026 the Cedar Project Partnership. (2009). Prevalence and incidence of Hepatitis C virus infection among Aboriginal young people who use drugs: Results from the Cedar Project.\n                      Open Medicine\n                      ,\n                      3\n                      (4). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.openmedicine.ca\/article\/viewArticle\/249\/287."},{"key":"bibr20-1363461513503380","volume-title":"From our mothers\u2019 arms: The intergenerational impact of Residential Schools in Saskatchewan","author":"Deiter C.","year":"1999"},{"key":"bibr21-1363461513503380","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2004.01.008"},{"key":"bibr22-1363461513503380","first-page":"60","volume-title":"Studying Native America: Problems and prospects","author":"Duran B.","year":"1998"},{"key":"bibr23-1363461513503380","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2012.01.026"},{"key":"bibr24-1363461513503380","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260507312290"},{"key":"bibr25-1363461513503380","volume-title":"First Nations Regional Longitudinal Health Survey (RHS) 2002\/03: Results for adults, youth, and children living in First Nations communities","author":"First Nations Centre","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr26-1363461513503380","volume-title":"First Nations Regional Health Survey (RHS) 2008\/10: National report on adults, youth and children living in First Nations communities","author":"First Nations Information Governance Centre (FNIGC)","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr27-1363461513503380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"For the Cedar Project Partnership, Pearce, M. E., Christian, W. M., Patterson, K., Norris, K., Moniruzzaman, A. \u2026 Spittal, P. M. (2008). The Cedar Project: Historical trauma, sexual abuse and HIV risk among young Aboriginal people who use injection and non-injection drugs in two Canadian cities.\n                      Social Science and Medicine\n                      ,\n                      66\n                      (11), 2185\u20132194.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.03.034"},{"key":"bibr28-1363461513503380","volume-title":"Stolen from our embrace: The abduction of First Nations children and the restoration of Aboriginal communities","author":"Fournier S.","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr29-1363461513503380","volume-title":"Aboriginal education in Canada: A plea for integration","author":"Friesen J. W.","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr30-1363461513503380","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015390"},{"key":"bibr31-1363461513503380","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1215\/03335372-2007-019"},{"key":"bibr32-1363461513503380","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2009-0039"},{"key":"bibr33-1363461513503380","volume-title":"Final version of our Non-Specific Psychological Distress Scale","author":"Kessler R.","year":"1994"},{"key":"bibr34-1363461513503380","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370004500702"},{"key":"bibr35-1363461513503380","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.026"},{"key":"bibr36-1363461513503380","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.101257"},{"key":"bibr37-1363461513503380","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/ijch.v68i3.18338"},{"key":"bibr38-1363461513503380","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370805300306"},{"issue":"155","key":"bibr39-1363461513503380","first-page":"407","volume":"39","author":"O\u2019Bryan M.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Adolescence"},{"key":"bibr40-1363461513503380","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198110379571"},{"key":"bibr41-1363461513503380","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167201275004"},{"key":"bibr42-1363461513503380","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3729.2007.00469.x"},{"key":"bibr43-1363461513503380","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2955368"},{"key":"bibr44-1363461513503380","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1099-9809.10.4.365"},{"key":"bibr45-1363461513503380","volume-title":"Looking forward, looking back: Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples","volume":"1","author":"Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (RCAP)","year":"1996"},{"key":"bibr46-1363461513503380","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.psy.50.1.42"},{"key":"bibr47-1363461513503380","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.84.5.1079"},{"key":"bibr48-1363461513503380","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327957pspr0201_2"},{"key":"bibr49-1363461513503380","volume-title":"Decolonizing methodologies","author":"Smith L. T.","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr50-1363461513503380","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021528"},{"key":"bibr51-1363461513503380","first-page":"424","volume-title":"First Nations Regional Health Survey (RHS) Phase 2 (2008\/10): National report on the adult, youth, and children living in First Nations communities","author":"Smylie J.","year":"2012"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr52-1363461513503380","first-page":"93","volume":"1","author":"Sotero M. M.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Health Disparities Research and Practice"},{"key":"bibr53-1363461513503380","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146510383499"},{"key":"bibr54-1363461513503380","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2009.11.012"},{"key":"bibr55-1363461513503380","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/9781442683815"},{"key":"bibr56-1363461513503380","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1742058X1100018X"},{"key":"bibr57-1363461513503380","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000312240306800502"},{"key":"bibr58-1363461513503380","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:AJCP.0000027000.77357.31"},{"key":"bibr59-1363461513503380","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2004.65.409"},{"key":"bibr60-1363461513503380","first-page":"48","volume":"40","author":"Whitbeck L. B.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of American Indian Education"},{"key":"bibr61-1363461513503380","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579401003170"}],"container-title":["Transcultural Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1363461513503380","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1363461513503380","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1363461513503380","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T21:12:02Z","timestamp":1738012322000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1363461513503380"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,24]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1363461513503380"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1363461513503380","relation":{},"ISSN":["1363-4615","1461-7471"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1363-4615","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-7471","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,24]]}}}