{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T06:43:28Z","timestamp":1791960208666,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]],"date-time":"2022-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658361600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011000","name":"Mission Interminist\u00e9rielle de Lutte Contre les Drogues et les Conduites Addictives","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IReSP-15-Prevention-11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IReSP-15-Prevention-11"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011000","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transcult Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> While the term hikikomori (HKM) has spread internationally to describe a chronic and severe form of social withdrawal, its place in current nosography and its transposition into non-Asian cultures are still debated. A retrospective chart review was conducted to determine the rate and the clinical profiles of HKM among a French sample of adolescent inpatients. Data were obtained from 191 adolescents aged 12\u201318 years ( M\u2009=\u200915.0, 44% boys) consecutively admitted in two inpatient units from January 2017 to December 2019. Using a retrospective diagnosis of HKM based on Teo and Gaw's criteria, we compared socio-demographic characteristics, clinical features, and treatment outcomes between HKM patients and those with other forms of social withdrawal and\/or school refusal (SW\/SR). At admission, 7% of participants met HKM criteria ( n\u2009=\u200914, M\u2009=\u200914.3, 64% boys), one out of six adolescents with SW\/SR. Among those with SW\/SR, HKM\u2009+\u2009vs. HKM- participants had higher rates of anxiety disorder (Odd Ratio, OR\u2009=\u200935.2) and lower disruptive behavioral disorder ( OR\u2009=\u20090.03). A minority of the participants with anxiety and depressive disorders met the HKM criteria (respectively, 15% and 9%), but those with HKM had a longer duration of symptoms, longer hospitalization, and required more daily care facilities at discharge compared to HKM-. While HKM syndrome could not be delimitated from anxiety disorder, it was associated with specific clinical features and treatment outcomes. The clinical characteristics observed were consistent with the features reported in Asian HKM adults, supporting face validity of this clinical concept in adolescent inpatients with different cultural contexts. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/13634615221111633","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]],"date-time":"2022-07-22T06:51:45Z","timestamp":1658472705000},"page":"831-843","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Examining the hikikomori syndrome in a French sample of hospitalized adolescents with severe social withdrawal and school refusal behavior"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1994-5779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xavier","family":"Benarous","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Child and Adolescent Psychopathology Services, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France"},{"name":"INSERM Unit U1105 Research Group for Analysis of the Multimodal Cerebral Function, University of Picardy Jules Verne (UPJV), Amiens, France"},{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Piti\u00e9-Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Jeanne","family":"Guedj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Psychiatrique d'Orientation et d'Accueil, H\u00f4pital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cora","family":"Cravero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Piti\u00e9-Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Jakubowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Piti\u00e9-Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Brunelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Piti\u00e9-Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kunifumi","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry Department, University of Nagoya, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Piti\u00e9-Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France"},{"name":"CNRS UMR 7222, Institute for Intelligent Systems and Robotics, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, UPMC, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr501-13634615221111633","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. 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Hikikomori: Retrait et claustration chez les adolescents et jeunes adultes contemporains. In Elsevier Masson SAS (Ed.), Paris. EMC Psychiatrie (Vol. 36(1), pp.1\u201314). [37-214-A-60]."},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr11-13634615221111633","first-page":"354","volume":"48","author":"De Michele F.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rivista Di Psichiatria"},{"key":"bibr12-13634615221111633","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurenf.2017.05.001"},{"key":"bibr13-13634615221111633","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-954X.2008.00790.x"},{"key":"bibr14-13634615221111633","volume":"2014","author":"Furtos J.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Soins Psychiatrie"},{"key":"bibr15-13634615221111633","unstructured":"Gayral L., Carrie J., Bonnet J. (1953). La claustration. Annales m\u00e9dico-psychologiques, 1, 469\u2013496."},{"key":"bibr16-13634615221111633","unstructured":"Germain M., Guyon L., Landry M., Tremblay J., Brunelle N., Bergeron J. (2007). 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