{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T17:14:24Z","timestamp":1784308464120,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]],"date-time":"2023-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699488000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000118","name":"Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D43 TW010543"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43 TW010543"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000118","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transcult Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Cultural Concepts of Distress (CCDs) are culturally constructed diagnostic categories that exist within a specific society or culture. While several studies have assessed CCDs around the world, few studies have examined them in Haiti. This qualitative study examines manifestations of anxiety and depression via \u201csent spirits\u201d in the form of maladi nanm (\u201cSoul disorder\u201d) and maladi zonbi (\u201cZombie disorder\u201d), and bipolar disorder in the form of maladi lalin (\u201cMoon disorder\u201d). Examples of CCDs were recorded as part of a study which interviewed 96 outpatients at the first mental health center in northern Haiti. Using qualitative methods, the authors identified three specific CCDs as reported by mental health patients. Maladi nanm and maladi zonbi represent alternative explanatory models of anxiety and depression in which the sufferer views mental illness as stemming from a sent spirit, or spirit which is intentionally sent supernaturally with the intent to cause harm. Maladi lalin is experienced by patients with bipolar disorder who associate cycles of mania and depression as in-sync with the phases of the moon. Understanding culture-bound forms of mental distress in settings such as Haiti is essential to developing accurate psychometrics for measuring mental health, as well as ensuring culturally appropriate and effective diagnosis and treatment. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/13634615231211477","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]],"date-time":"2023-11-10T07:17:22Z","timestamp":1699600642000},"page":"60-69","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["<i>Maladi Nanm, Maladi Zonbi, &amp; Maladi Lalin<\/i>: A qualitative study of cultural concepts of distress in northern Haiti"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2123-5020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Galvin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Mental Health Center at Morne Pel\u00e9, Cap-Ha\u00eftien, Haiti"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guesly","family":"Michel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mental Health Center at Morne Pel\u00e9, Cap-Ha\u00eftien, Haiti"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edny","family":"Pierre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mental Health Center at Morne Pel\u00e9, Cap-Ha\u00eftien, Haiti"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eurine","family":"Manguira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mental Health Center at Morne Pel\u00e9, Cap-Ha\u00eftien, Haiti"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jude Mary","family":"C\u00e9nat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-13634615231211477","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"bibr2-13634615231211477","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/gmh.2018.34","volume":"6","author":"Auguste E.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Global Mental Health"},{"key":"bibr3-13634615231211477","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025351231862"},{"key":"bibr4-13634615231211477","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra035354"},{"key":"bibr5-13634615231211477","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v67n0614"},{"key":"bibr6-13634615231211477","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/538386"},{"key":"bibr7-13634615231211477","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511613128"},{"issue":"86","key":"bibr8-13634615231211477","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.3917\/cm.086.0181","volume":"2","author":"C\u00e9nat J. 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