{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T23:06:12Z","timestamp":1791068772566,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,25]],"date-time":"2024-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708819200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001802","name":"University of Canberra","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PhD grant awarded to Mathew Sunil George to suppor"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PhD grant awarded to Mathew Sunil George to suppor"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001802","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transcult Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Residential schools are commonly used in India to provide education for Indigenous youth, which requires young people to stay for long periods at distance from their families and communities. Internationally, there is clear evidence for the deleterious effects of residential schools on the mental health and social and community outcomes of Indigenous children, however little is known about the Indian Indigenous experience. This study examined the impact of residential schooling on Indigenous children's wellbeing and that of their communities, using data from an ethnographic research project in Attapadi, Kerala, including interviews, focus group discussions and participant observation with Indigenous communities. Key outcomes from residential schooling reported by the participants include the fear of losing Indigenous identity, shame of being Indigenous, change in the attitude of young people when they returned from schools, and feelings of confusion and stress that young Indigenous participants felt trying to fit into their communities on their return. Findings suggest that these Indigenous youth felt disconnected from several factors that are known to promote resilience for Indigenous communities including a strong cultural identity, connection to the land and ancestors, thereby making them more vulnerable to poor mental health and negative impacts on their overall wellbeing. Addressing these concerns requires a detailed understanding of the specific factors influencing outcomes for Indigenous youth within the Indian residential schooling system, and designing and implementing data-informed conceptual, structural and policy change including the provision of culturally safe mental health services. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/13634615231213834","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]],"date-time":"2024-02-26T06:52:50Z","timestamp":1708930370000},"page":"557-569","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["\u201cHow can our children learn from us about our way of life or understand who they are?\u201d: Residential schools and their impact on the wellbeing of Indigenous youth in Attapadi, South India"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4844-4324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathew Sunil","family":"George","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. A.","family":"Ramu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karrara, Attapadi, Palakkad, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajendra","family":"Prasad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"THAMPU, Sastha Temple Road, Kochi, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N. S.","family":"Prashanth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health, Banashankari Stage II, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susheela","family":"Kenjoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Work, Mysore University, Mysuru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janie Busby","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-13634615231213834","first-page":"189","volume-title":"Social exclusion and adverse inclusion: Development and deprivation of Adivasis in India","author":"Abbi A.","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr2-13634615231213834","volume-title":"Education for extinction","author":"Adams D.","year":"1995"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr3-13634615231213834","first-page":"65","volume":"6","author":"Andersson N.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pimatisiwin"},{"key":"bibr4-13634615231213834","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2018, August 15). Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Stolen Generations and descendants: Numbers, demographic characteristics and selected outcomes. https:\/\/www.aihw.gov.au\/reports\/indigenous-australians\/stolen-generations-descendants\/summary"},{"key":"bibr5-13634615231213834","unstructured":"Bal Hakka Abhiyan. (2017). A dipstick study on status of Ashram Shala in Maharashtra. CRY, India."},{"key":"bibr6-13634615231213834","unstructured":"Baxi S., Prasad I. (2019). Policy-making and planning in the public education system for Adivasi children. Practice Connect at Azim Premji University. https:\/\/practiceconnect.azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in\/policy-making-and-planning-in-the-public-education-system-for-adivasi-children\/"},{"key":"bibr7-13634615231213834","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/135910457000100303"},{"key":"bibr8-13634615231213834","first-page":"5","volume":"46","author":"Berry J. W.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Applied Psychology: An International Review"},{"key":"bibr9-13634615231213834","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1363461513503380"},{"key":"bibr10-13634615231213834","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/136346159803500202"},{"key":"bibr11-13634615231213834","volume-title":"Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis","author":"Charmaz K.","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr12-13634615231213834","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1363461520903123"},{"key":"bibr13-13634615231213834","first-page":"113","volume-title":"Social exclusion and adverse inclusion","author":"Das M. B.","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr14-13634615231213834","unstructured":"Davin N. F. (1879). Report on industrial schools for Indians and half-breeds. Retrieved from https:\/\/dev.nctr.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Davin-Report.pdf"},{"key":"bibr15-13634615231213834","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_136_19"},{"key":"bibr16-13634615231213834","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-010-9582-y"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr17-13634615231213834","first-page":"7","volume":"64","author":"Fleming J.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pimatisiwin"},{"key":"bibr18-13634615231213834","unstructured":"Fogarty W., Bulloch H., McDonnel S., Davis M. (2018). Deficit discourse and Indigenous health: How narrative framings of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are reproduced in policy. Lowitja Institute. https:\/\/www.lowitja.org.au\/page\/services\/resources\/Cultural-and-social-determinants\/racism\/Deficit-Discourse-and-Indigenous-Health"},{"key":"bibr19-13634615231213834","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-020-01216-1"},{"key":"bibr20-13634615231213834","volume-title":"Unseen, unheard, unspoken: Exploring the relationship between Aboriginal spirituality and community development [Unpublished dissertation]","author":"Grant E. K.","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr21-13634615231213834","unstructured":"Gupta M., Padel F. (2020, November 16). The travesties of India\u2019s tribal boarding schools. Sapiens. https:\/\/www.sapiens.org\/culture\/kalinga-institute-of-social-sciences\/"},{"key":"bibr22-13634615231213834","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18584\/iipj.2016.7.1.2"},{"key":"bibr23-13634615231213834","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1743727X.2014.914487"},{"key":"bibr24-13634615231213834","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-010-9705-5"},{"key":"bibr25-13634615231213834","unstructured":"Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission. (1997, April). Bringing them home: Report of the national inquiry into the separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children from their families. https:\/\/humanrights.gov.au\/our-work\/bringing-them-home-report-1997"},{"key":"bibr26-13634615231213834","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.1374950"},{"key":"bibr27-13634615231213834","unstructured":"Kaminski J. (2012, February 4). First Nations ways of knowing: Developing experiential knowledge in nursing through an Elder in Residence Program [Paper presentation]. Xi Eta Chapter, Sigma Theta Tau International 17th Annual Ethel Johns Forum, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada. https:\/\/www.firstnationspedagogy.com\/EIR.html"},{"key":"bibr28-13634615231213834","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1363461512444673"},{"key":"bibr29-13634615231213834","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030294"},{"issue":"24","key":"bibr30-13634615231213834","volume":"53","author":"Kottai S. R.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Economic and Political Weekly"},{"key":"bibr31-13634615231213834","volume-title":"The social character of learning","author":"Kumar K.","year":"1989"},{"key":"bibr32-13634615231213834","volume-title":"Tribal education: New perspectives","author":"Kundu M.","year":"1994"},{"key":"bibr33-13634615231213834","unstructured":"Kuruvilla A. (2022, February 11). Dropout rate among tribal students in Kerala a worry. The New Indian Express. https:\/\/www.newindianexpress.com\/cities\/kochi\/2022\/feb\/11\/dropout-rate-among-tribal-students-in-kerala-a-worry-2417968.html"},{"key":"bibr34-13634615231213834","first-page":"52","volume-title":"Promoting resilience in child welfare","author":"Lalonde C. E.","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr35-13634615231213834","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-9415-2_8"},{"key":"bibr36-13634615231213834","volume-title":"Naturalistic inquiry","author":"Lincon Y. S.","year":"1985"},{"key":"bibr37-13634615231213834","unstructured":"Logan T. (2016). Indian residential schools, settler colonialism and their narratives in Canadian history [Doctoral thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London]. https:\/\/pure.royalholloway.ac.uk\/portal\/files\/28299632\/2017_Logan_TE_PhD.pdf"},{"key":"bibr38-13634615231213834","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780190681685.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr39-13634615231213834","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14733285.2022.2026884"},{"key":"bibr40-13634615231213834","unstructured":"Marshall T., Gallant D. (2021). Residential schools in Canada. In The Canadian Encyclopedia. www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools"},{"key":"bibr41-13634615231213834","first-page":"63","volume":"7","author":"Menzies P.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Native Social Work Journal"},{"key":"bibr42-13634615231213834","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000741"},{"key":"bibr43-13634615231213834","volume-title":"A substantive start","author":"Miles M. B.","year":"2014","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr44-13634615231213834","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9780887555213"},{"key":"bibr45-13634615231213834","unstructured":"Ministry of Health and Family Welfare\/Ministry of Tribal Affairs. (2018). Tribal health in India: Bridging the gap and a roadmap for the future. http:\/\/nhsrcindia.org\/news\/report-expert-committee-tribal-health"},{"key":"bibr46-13634615231213834","volume-title":"Ashram schools in India: Problems and prospects","author":"Mishra B. C.","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr47-13634615231213834","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0971333615593004"},{"key":"bibr48-13634615231213834","volume-title":"The gender gap in basic education: NGOs as change agents","author":"Nambisan G. B.","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr49-13634615231213834","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.01.021"},{"key":"bibr50-13634615231213834","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1596\/1813-9450-5231"},{"key":"bibr51-13634615231213834","unstructured":"Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner. (2011). Provisional population totals: Paper 1 of 2011 India Series 1. Government of India."},{"key":"bibr52-13634615231213834","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40653-016-0117-9"},{"key":"bibr53-13634615231213834","unstructured":"Padel F., Gupta M. (2021, February 13). Are mega residential schools wiping out India\u2019s Adivasi culture? The Hindu. https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/society\/children-from-tribal-communities-are-being-corralled-into-mass-schools-that-are-wiping-out-cultures\/article33818793.ece"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr54-13634615231213834","first-page":"1189","volume":"34","author":"Patton M. Q.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Health Services Research"},{"key":"bibr55-13634615231213834","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-018-1115-6"},{"key":"bibr56-13634615231213834","unstructured":"Prasanna L. (2017, August 10). KSHRC seeks probe into the spate of suicides among Adivasi youth in Njarenelli. The Times of India. https:\/\/timesofindia.indiatimes.com\/city\/thiruvananthapuram\/kshrc-seeks-probe-into-the-spate-of-suicides-of-adivasi-youth-in-njaranelli\/articleshow\/60008936.cms"},{"key":"bibr57-13634615231213834","unstructured":"Premkumar R. (2020, 13th June 2022). Suicide rates rises among Adivasi communities in the Nilgris, says study. The Hindu. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/cities\/Coimbatore\/suicide-rate-rises-among-adivasi-communities-in-the-nilgiris-says-study\/article33264567.ece."},{"key":"bibr58-13634615231213834","unstructured":"Royal Australian & New Zealand College of Psychiatrists. (2020, December). Acknowledging the Stolen Generations [Position Statement 42]. https:\/\/www.ranzcp.org\/news-policy\/policy-and-advocacy\/position-statements\/acknowledging-the-stolen-generations"},{"key":"bibr59-13634615231213834","volume-title":"Census of India 2011: Kerala data highlights, the scheduled tribes","author":"Registrar General of India.","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr60-13634615231213834","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077800416629695"},{"key":"bibr61-13634615231213834","unstructured":"Shaji K. A. (2019, October 19). Kerala govt starts project to address mental health issues of tribal people in Attappadi. The NEWS Minute. https:\/\/www.thenewsminute.com\/article\/kerala-govt-starts-project-address-mental-health-issues-tribal-people-attappadi-110829"},{"key":"bibr62-13634615231213834","unstructured":"Sharma N. (2016, April 18). 882 tribal children die in state-run residential schools across the country. The Economic Times. https:\/\/economictimes.indiatimes.com\/news\/politics-and-nation\/882-tribal-children-die-in-state-run-residential-schools-across-the-country\/articleshow\/51871201.cms"},{"key":"bibr63-13634615231213834","unstructured":"Smith A. (2009, January 26). Indigenous peoples and boarding schools: A comparative study [Paper presentation]. Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues: Eighth session, New York, NY. United States. https:\/\/www.un.org\/esa\/socdev\/unpfii\/documents\/IPS_Boarding_Schools.pdf"},{"key":"bibr64-13634615231213834","unstructured":"Social Health Reference Group. (2004). National Strategic Framework for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples\u2019 mental health and social and emotional well-being 2004\u20132009. Commonwealth of Australia."},{"key":"bibr65-13634615231213834","volume-title":"Kormilda, the way to tomorrow?","author":"Sommerlad E.","year":"1976","edition":"1"},{"key":"bibr66-13634615231213834","unstructured":"Standing Committee on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs. (2012, September). Our land our languages: Language learning in Indigenous communities. Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia."},{"key":"bibr67-13634615231213834","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17010342"},{"key":"bibr68-13634615231213834","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1683478X.2010.10552598"},{"key":"bibr69-13634615231213834","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1363461510364569"},{"key":"bibr70-13634615231213834","unstructured":"Thomas N. (2019, September 3). Adivasis and the Indian State: Forced displacement takes toll on mental health of Kerala tribals; community-led initiatives may hold solution. Firstpost. https:\/\/www.firstpost.com\/india\/adivasis-and-the-indian-state-forced-displacement-takes-toll-on-tribals-mental-health-community-led-initiatives-may-hold-solution-7278711.html"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr71-13634615231213834","first-page":"4","volume":"4","author":"Toombs E.","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Child and Adolescent Resilience"},{"key":"bibr72-13634615231213834","volume-title":"Boarding school blues: Revisiting American Indian educational experiences","author":"Trafzer C.","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr73-13634615231213834","unstructured":"Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. (2015a). Canada\u2019s residential schools: The history, part 1, Origins to 1939. McGill-Queen\u2019s University Press."},{"key":"bibr74-13634615231213834","unstructured":"Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. (2015b). Canada\u2019s residential schools: The history, part 2, 1939 to 2000. McGill-Queen\u2019s University Press."},{"key":"bibr75-13634615231213834","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.630601"},{"key":"bibr76-13634615231213834","unstructured":"Veerbhadranaika P., Kumaran R. S., Tukdeo S., Vasavi A. R. (2012). \u201cThe education question\u201d from the perspective of Adivasis: Conditions, policies and structures (NIAS Report No. R7-2012). Report. NIAS and UNICEF, Bangalore."},{"key":"bibr77-13634615231213834","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40985-017-0055-6"},{"key":"bibr78-13634615231213834","unstructured":"Xaxa V. (2012). The status of Tribal children in India: A historical perspective. IHD-UNICEF Working Paper Series no 7. https:\/\/www.ihdindia.org\/IHD-Unicefwp-PDF\/IHD-UNICEF%20WP%207%20virginius_xaxa.pdf"},{"key":"bibr79-13634615231213834","first-page":"23","volume-title":"Social exclusion and adverse inclusion: Development and deprivation of Adivasis in India","author":"Xaxa V.","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr80-13634615231213834","volume-title":"Report of the high level committee on socio-economic, health and educational status of tribal communities of India","author":"Xaxa V.","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr81-13634615231213834","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13811110600558240"},{"key":"bibr82-13634615231213834","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-6405.12681"}],"container-title":["Transcultural Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13634615231213834","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/13634615231213834","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13634615231213834","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T20:43:19Z","timestamp":1740861799000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/13634615231213834"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,25]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/13634615231213834"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13634615231213834","relation":{},"ISSN":["1363-4615","1461-7471"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1363-4615","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-7471","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,25]]}}}