{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T03:25:41Z","timestamp":1776309941603,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706659200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transcult Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> This study evaluated the effect of perceived discrimination and racism on the mental health state of Korean residents in Japan, with a particular focus on the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and psychological distress. Surveys were sent to Korean residents in Japan and a total of 240 valid responses were received. The valid response rate was 27.1%. The participants answered several questionnaire items, including demographic information and questions pertaining to their experiences of perceived discrimination, along with three self-reported measures of mental health, i.e., the Japanese version of Impact of Event Scale-Revised, the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS), and the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). The results indicated that Korean residents in Japan experience hate speech and discrimination with a markedly high frequency (92.9% and 100%, respectively), and that factors such as employment discrimination and exposure to hate speech via social networking services were significant predictors of probable PTSD and psychological distress. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/13634615231225127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T06:10:20Z","timestamp":1706767820000},"page":"133-141","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The association between exposure to hate speech or perceived discrimination and mental health problems among Korean residents in Japan"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8604-6303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takuya","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiro","family":"Kitada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Sports & Health Science, Daito Bunka University, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiro","family":"Suda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Jichi Medical University, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-13634615231225127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-200203000-00006"},{"key":"bibr2-13634615231225127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00584015"},{"key":"bibr3-13634615231225127","first-page":"9","volume-title":"Acculturation: Theory, models and findings","author":"Berry J. W.","year":"1980"},{"key":"bibr4-13634615231225127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2435.1992.tb00776.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr5-13634615231225127","first-page":"5","volume":"46","author":"Berry J. W.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Applied Psychology: An International Review"},{"key":"bibr6-13634615231225127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-0597.2006.00256.x"},{"key":"bibr7-13634615231225127","volume-title":"Migration and mental health","author":"Bhugra D.","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr8-13634615231225127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/apt.7.3.216"},{"key":"bibr9-13634615231225127","volume-title":"The freedom to be racist? How the United States and Europe struggle to preserve freedom and combat racism","author":"Bleich E.","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr10-13634615231225127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/cou0000052"},{"key":"bibr11-13634615231225127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.78.1.98"},{"key":"bibr12-13634615231225127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1819.2003.01135.x"},{"key":"bibr13-13634615231225127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)61027-6"},{"key":"bibr14-13634615231225127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002076408403000107"},{"key":"bibr15-13634615231225127","volume-title":"Japanese version of SDS (Self-rating Depression Scale)","author":"Fukuda K.","year":"1983"},{"key":"bibr16-13634615231225127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027711"},{"key":"bibr17-13634615231225127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.06.009"},{"key":"bibr18-13634615231225127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16173013"},{"key":"bibr19-13634615231225127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17228531"},{"key":"bibr20-13634615231225127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-005-0992-0"},{"key":"bibr21-13634615231225127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108669559"},{"key":"bibr22-13634615231225127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proenv.2014.03.055"},{"key":"bibr23-13634615231225127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291705005830"},{"key":"bibr24-13634615231225127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2014.01.015"},{"key":"bibr25-13634615231225127","volume-title":"Korean residents in Japan and mental disorders","author":"Kim T.","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr26-13634615231225127","volume-title":"Korean residents in Japan and the Japanese mental health system","author":"Kurokawa Y.","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr27-13634615231225127","first-page":"177","volume":"30","author":"Lee J.-H.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences"},{"key":"bibr28-13634615231225127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/12.PR0.108.1.139-140"},{"key":"bibr29-13634615231225127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.04.032"},{"key":"bibr30-13634615231225127","unstructured":"Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. (2000). International convention on the elimination of all forms of racial discrimination (First and second report). Retrieved June 22, 2018, from https:\/\/www.mofa.go.jp\/policy\/human\/race_rep1\/index.html"},{"key":"bibr31-13634615231225127","unstructured":"Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. (2017). Tenth and eleventh combined periodic report by the government of Japan under Article 9 of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination JAPAN. Retrieved June 22, 2018, from https:\/\/www.mofa.go.jp\/mofaj\/files\/000272983.pdf"},{"key":"bibr32-13634615231225127","unstructured":"Ministry of Justice of Japan. (2016). The act on the promotion of efforts to eliminate unfair discriminatory speech and behavior against persons with countries of origin other than Japan (Provisional Translation). Retrieved September 3, 2023, from https:\/\/www.moj.go.jp\/JINKEN\/jinken04_00050.html"},{"key":"bibr33-13634615231225127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-200405000-00009"},{"key":"bibr34-13634615231225127","volume-title":"Reportage: Racist attack on the Korean School in Kyoto","author":"Nakamura I.-S.","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr35-13634615231225127","first-page":"79","volume-title":"Migration and mental health","author":"Nazroo J.","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr36-13634615231225127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/ITP-09-2014-0198"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr37-13634615231225127","first-page":"431","volume":"43","author":"Niiro M.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Seishin Igaku (Clinical Psychiatry)"},{"key":"bibr38-13634615231225127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(96)00236-3"},{"key":"bibr39-13634615231225127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-568"},{"key":"bibr40-13634615231225127","volume-title":"What is Japanese hate speech?","author":"Ryang Y.-S.","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr41-13634615231225127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3292522.3326032"},{"key":"bibr42-13634615231225127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2006.04.007"},{"key":"bibr43-13634615231225127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0211867"},{"key":"bibr44-13634615231225127","unstructured":"United Nations. (1965). International convention on the elimination of all forms of racial discrimination. Retrieved September 3, 2023, from https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/sites\/default\/files\/cerd.pdf"},{"key":"bibr45-13634615231225127","unstructured":"United Nations. (2014). Concluding observations on the combined seventh to ninth periodic reports of Japan. Retrieved June 22, 2018, from https:\/\/www.mofa.go.jp\/mofaj\/files\/000060744.pdf"}],"container-title":["Transcultural Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13634615231225127","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/13634615231225127","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13634615231225127","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T06:22:53Z","timestamp":1740982973000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/13634615231225127"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/13634615231225127"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13634615231225127","relation":{},"ISSN":["1363-4615","1461-7471"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1363-4615","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-7471","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]]}}}