{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T20:36:16Z","timestamp":1791578176191,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781049600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transcult Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Indian mental health providers have suggested that the Hindu scripture the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bhagavad Gita<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\u201cGita\u201d) could be a source for psychotherapeutic interventions. This raises questions about how mental health practitioners have interpreted relationships between the Gita and psychotherapy, how these interpretations construct selfhood, and how these interpretations of selfhood relate to commentaries from Hindu religious scholars. This paper answers these questions through a critical narrative review of studies on the Gita and psychotherapy, along with textual analyses of authoritative Gita commentaries, analyzed through the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">pattern theory of the self<\/jats:italic>\n                    framework. An April 2025 search for studies that explored psychotherapy and selfhood in the Gita in five databases along with forward citation and backward bibliographic analyses uncovered 17 studies, all suggesting that principles of the Gita could be used within psychotherapy, with eight studies naming cognitive behavioral therapy. Thirteen drew on Hindu concepts of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u0101tman<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">dharma<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">karma<\/jats:italic>\n                    to postulate an ideal self to help patients reflect on thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. Authoritative commentaries from \u0100di \u015aa\u1e43kar\u0101c\u0101rya, Swami Vivekananda, and Swami Chinmayananda show that\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u0101tman<\/jats:italic>\n                    as the eternal soul,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">dharma<\/jats:italic>\n                    as morally prescribed behaviors, and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">karma<\/jats:italic>\n                    as actions without expectations of results have religious connotations without equivalents in Euro-American forms of psychology. A post-colonial approach to psychiatry can read the Gita alongside its commentators\u2014ancient and modern, religious and non-religious\u2014to uncover ways of conceptualizing selfhood before assuming that religious concepts have direct correspondences with psychotherapy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/13634615261452805","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T09:03:49Z","timestamp":1781082229000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Psychotherapy, Selfhood, and the\n                    <i>Bhagavad Gita<\/i>\n                    : Contrasting Mental Health Scholarship and Religious Commentaries"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9430-0861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neil Krishan","family":"Aggarwal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1229.153304"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0000376-001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13634615251314590"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","volume-title":"Swami Vivekananda: The living Vedanta","author":"Badrinath C.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Badrinath C. 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