{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:14:05Z","timestamp":1792800845642,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,9,1]],"date-time":"1999-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":936144000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Cultural Studies"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The article examines a Trimdadian calypso and its reception as a case study to weigh the discourses of hybridity, creolisation, and a local variant, 'douglarisation'. In cultural studies discourse, 'creolisation' is often used synonymously with hybridization. However, it is a different metaphor, with a different genealogy, and is much more grounded in specific histories and places, namely the New World sites of plantation slavery. In Trinidad, the pejorative term 'dougla' sigmfies the offspring of a union between persons of African and Indian ancestry, while 'douglarisation' denotes the contested processes of Afro- and Indo-Trinidadian interculturation. 'Douglarisation' can be read as a particular instance of both hybridity and creolisation, but with very different implications. We argue that hybridity and creolisation advance different political agendas, the former attentive to multiple roots and the latter to new connections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/136754949900200303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,7]],"date-time":"2009-02-07T04:33:54Z","timestamp":1233981234000},"page":"331-353","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Cosmopolitan or mongrel?"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Eve","family":"stoddard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"St Lawrence University, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grant H.","family":"Cornwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St Lawrence University, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","first-page":"14","author":"Agard, L.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Newsday"},{"key":"atypb2","volume-title":"A Linguistic Perspective on the Caribbean","author":"Alleyne, M.","year":"1985"},{"key":"atypb3","volume-title":"Dictionary of Caribbean English Usage","author":"Allsopp, R.","year":"1996"},{"key":"atypb4","volume-title":"The Post-Colonial Studies Reader","author":"Ashcroft, B.","year":"1995"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2931390"},{"key":"atypb6","volume-title":"The Location of Culture","author":"Bhabha, H.","year":"1994"},{"key":"atypb7","volume-title":"The Development of Creole Society in Jamaica 1770-1820","author":"Brathwaite, E.","year":"1971"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7591\/9781501722431"},{"key":"atypb9","volume-title":"Miscegenation as a Metaphor for Nation Building: The \"Douglarisation\" Controversy in Trinidad and Tobago","author":"Cornwell, G.H."},{"key":"atypb10","first-page":"14","author":"Cro Cro","year":"1996","journal-title":"Newsday"},{"key":"atypb11","volume-title":"The Postcolonization of the (Latin) American Experience: A Reconsideration of \"Colonialism\", \"Postcolonialism\", and \"Mestizaje\"","author":"De Alva, J.J.L.","year":"1995"},{"key":"atypb12","first-page":"14","author":"Demming, S.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Newsday"},{"key":"atypb13","volume-title":"Creolisation in the Making of the Americas","author":"Glissant, E.","year":"1995"},{"key":"atypb14","volume-title":"Children of Conflict: A Study of Interracial Sex and Marriage","author":"Henriques, F.","year":"1975"},{"key":"atypb15","first-page":"69","volume":"13","author":"Hernandez-Ramwar, C.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Latin American Issues"},{"key":"atypb16","first-page":"12","author":"Hurston, Z.N.","year":"1969","journal-title":"Trinidad Express"},{"key":"atypb17","volume-title":"What is \"a Spanish\"?: Ambiguity and \"Mixed\" Ethnicity in Trinidad","author":"Khan, A.","year":"1993"},{"key":"atypb18","volume-title":"East Indians in Trinidad: A Study in Cultural Persistence","author":"Klass, M.","year":"1988"},{"key":"atypb19","volume-title":"Caribbean Cultural Identity: The Case of Jamaica","author":"Nettleford, R.","year":"1978"},{"key":"atypb20","volume-title":"Oxford English Dictionary","year":"1989","edition":"2"},{"key":"atypb21","volume-title":"Tracing Hybridity in Theory","author":"Papastergiadis, N.","year":"1997"},{"key":"atypb22","volume-title":"Context and Choice in Ethnic Allegiance: A Theoretical Framework and Caribbean Case Study","author":"Patterson, O.","year":"1975"},{"key":"atypb23","volume":"17","author":"Rampersad, Kris","year":"1996","journal-title":"Newsday"},{"key":"atypb24","first-page":"98","volume":"1","author":"Reddock, Rhoda","year":"1994","journal-title":"Contemporary Issues in Social Science: A Caribbean Perspective"},{"key":"atypb25","volume-title":"Calypso and Society in Pre-Independence Trinidad","author":"Rohlehr, G.","year":"1990"},{"issue":"2","key":"atypb26","first-page":"7","volume":"3","author":"Ryan, S.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Caribbean Dialogue: A Policy Bulletin of Caribbean Affairs"},{"key":"atypb27","unstructured":"Segal, D. (1993) ' \"Race\" and \"Colour\" in Pre-Independence Trinidad and Tobago', in K. Yelvington (ed.) Trinidad Ethnicity, pp. 81-115. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press."},{"key":"atypb28","first-page":"9","author":"Springer, P.E.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Newsday"},{"key":"atypb29","volume-title":"Drinkers, Drummers, and Decent Folk: Ethnographic Narratives of Village Trinidad","author":"Stewart, J.O.","year":"1989"},{"key":"atypb30","volume-title":"The Antilles: Fragments of Epic Memory","author":"Walcott, D.","year":"1992"},{"key":"atypb31","volume-title":"Guinea's Other Suns: The African Dynamic in Trinidad Culture","author":"Warner-Lewis, M.","year":"1991"},{"key":"atypb32","volume-title":"Debating Cultural Hybridity. Multi-Cultural Identities and the Politics ofAnti-Racisrrc","author":"Werbner, P.","year":"1997"},{"key":"atypb33","unstructured":"Wicker, H. (1997) 'From Complex Culture to Cultural Complexity', in P. Werbner and T. Modood (eds) Debating Cultural Hybridity. Multi- Cultural Identities and the Politics of Anti-Racism, pp. 29-45. London: Zed Books."},{"key":"atypb34","volume-title":"Trinidad Ethnicity","author":"Yelvington, K.","year":"1993"},{"key":"atypb35","volume-title":"Colonial Desire : Hybridity in Theory, Culture, and Race","author":"Young, R.J.C.","year":"1995"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Cultural Studies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/136754949900200303","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/136754949900200303","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T18:43:55Z","timestamp":1777401835000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/136754949900200303"}},"subtitle":["Cr\u00e9olit\u00e9, hybridity and 'douglarisation'in Trinidad"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,9]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/136754949900200303"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/136754949900200303","relation":{},"ISSN":["1367-5494","1460-3551"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1367-5494","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-3551","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,9]]}}}