{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T11:13:19Z","timestamp":1790248399550,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778112000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000155","name":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["435-2012-1135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["435-2012-1135"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Group Processes &amp; Intergroup Relations"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    In the last decade, the percentage of Americans who identify as atheists has almost doubled from 2% to 4%. Still, prejudice against this ever-growing group persists. Across four studies, we explored two distinct yet related correlates of antiatheist prejudice amongst American Christians: (a) the perception that atheists lack a moral compass and (b) the belief that faith in God is necessary to living a moral life. Grounded in moral foundations theory and big gods theory, we investigated this dual pathway to antiatheist prejudice in four samples. In Studies 1a and 1b, we found that Christians\u2019 (total\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 389) distrust of atheists increased to the extent that they perceived atheists to lack individualizing (especially concerns about harm)\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u2014<\/jats:italic>\n                    but not binding\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u2014<\/jats:italic>\n                    moral foundations. Further, Christians who endorsed the idea that belief in God is necessary to behave morally tended to be more distrusting of atheists. In a subsequent study (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N =<\/jats:italic>\n                    253), we replicated these findings using the new Moral Foundation Questionnaire-2. In a final, preregistered study (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 663), we again replicated these findings in a larger, politically diverse sample. We discuss how internal and external guides to moral conduct are each associated with distrust of atheists.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/13684302261438589","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T07:40:47Z","timestamp":1778139647000},"page":"1057-1076","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Dual Route to Distrust of Atheists: Perceiving Atheists to Lack Individualizing Moral Foundations and an External Moralizing Agent Heightens Christians\u2019 Distrust"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9892-6087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra S.","family":"Wormley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1706-7784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Stefaniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of St. Andrews, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha","family":"Hollingshead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carleton University, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6945-5562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael J. A.","family":"Wohl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carleton University, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atari M. Haidt J. Graham J. Koleva S. Stevens S. T. Dehghani M. (2023). Morality beyond the WEIRD: How the nomological network of morality varies across cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 125(5) 1157\u20131188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/pspp0000470","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000470"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atari M. Lai M. H. C. Dehghani M. (2020). Sex differences in moral judgements across 67 countries. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287(1937) Article 20201201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2020.1201","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2020.1201"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bago B. De Neys W. (2019). The intuitive greater good: Testing the corrective dual process model of moral cognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 148(10) 1782\u20131801. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/xge0000533","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0000533"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burris C. T. Petrican R. (2011). Hearts strangely warmed (and cooled): Emotional experience in religious and atheistic individuals. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 21(3) 183\u2013197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10508619.2011.581575","DOI":"10.1080\/10508619.2011.581575"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","volume-title":"The golden rule: The ethics of reciprocity in world religions","author":"Chilton B.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chilton B., Neusner J. (Eds.). (2008). The golden rule: The ethics of reciprocity in world religions. Continuum."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen J.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohen J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cook C. L. Cohen F. Solomon S. (2015). What if they\u2019re right about the afterlife? Evidence of the role of existential threat on anti-atheist prejudice. Social Psychological and Personality Science 6(7) 840\u2013846. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1948550615584200","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550615584200"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cook C. L. Cottrell C. A. Webster G. D. (2015). No good without God: Antiatheist prejudice as a function of threats to morals and values. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality 7(3) 217\u2013226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/rel0000013","DOI":"10.1037\/rel0000013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","article-title":"Whom do people dislike more: Atheists or cultists?","volume":"8","author":"Cragun R. T.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cragun R. T., Henry P., Homan C. P., Hammer J. (2012). Whom do people dislike more: Atheists or cultists? Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion, 8, Article 9.","journal-title":"Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crone D. L. Laham S. M. (2015). Multiple moral foundations predict responses to sacrificial dilemmas. Personality and Individual Differences 85 60\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2015.04.041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2015.04.041"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cuddy A. J. C. Fiske S. T. Glick P. (2008). Warmth and competence as universal dimensions of social perception: The stereotype content model and the BIAS map. In Zanna M. P. (Ed.) Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 40 pp. 61\u2013149). Academic Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0065-2601(07)00002-0","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(07)00002-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doane M. J. Elliott M. (2015). Perceptions of discrimination among atheists: Consequences for atheist identification psychological and physical well-being. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality 7(2) 130\u2013141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/rel0000015","DOI":"10.1037\/rel0000015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doosje B. Ellemers N. Spears R. (1995). Perceived intragroup variability as a function of group status and identification. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 31(5) 410\u2013436. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/jesp.1995.1018","DOI":"10.1006\/jesp.1995.1018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edgell P. Gerteis J. Hartmann D. (2006). Atheists as \u201cother\u201d: Moral boundaries and cultural membership in American society. American Sociological Review 71(2) 211\u2013234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/000312240607100203","DOI":"10.1177\/000312240607100203"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edgell P. Hartmann D. Stewart E. Gerteis J. (2016). Atheists and other cultural outsiders: Moral boundaries and the non-religious in the United States. Social Forces 95(2) 607\u2013638. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sf\/sow063","DOI":"10.1093\/sf\/sow063"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franks A. S. Scherr K. C. (2014). A sociofunctional approach to prejudice at the polls: Are atheists more politically disadvantaged than gays and Blacks? Journal of Applied Social Psychology 44(10) 681\u2013691. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jasp.12259","DOI":"10.1111\/jasp.12259"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gerges F. A. (2003). Islam and Muslims in the mind of America. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 588(1) 73\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0002716203588001006","DOI":"10.1177\/0002716203588001006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gervais W. M. (2011). Finding the faithless: Perceived atheist prevalence reduces anti-atheist prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 37(4) 543\u2013556. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0146167211399583","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167211399583"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gervais W. M. (2013). In godlessness we distrust: Using social psychology to solve the puzzle of anti-atheist prejudice. Social and Personality Psychology Compass 7(6) 366\u2013377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/spc3.12035","DOI":"10.1111\/spc3.12035"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gervais W. M. McKay R. T. Brown-Iannuzzi J. L. Ross R. M. Pennycook G. Jong J. Lanman J. A. (2025). Belief in belief: Even atheists in secular countries show intuitive preferences favoring religious belief. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 122(13) Article e2404720122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2404720122","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2404720122"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gervais W. M. Willard A. K. Norenzayan A. Henrich J. (2011). The cultural transmission of faith: Why innate intuitions are necessary but insufficient to explain religious belief. Religion 41(3) 389\u2013410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0048721X.2011.604510","DOI":"10.1080\/0048721X.2011.604510"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gervais W. M. Xygalatas D. McKay R. T. van Elk M. Buchtel E. E. Aveyard M. Schiavone S. R. Dar-Nimrod I. Svedholm-H\u00e4kkinen A. M. Riekki T. Klocov\u00e1 E. K. Ramsay J. E. Bulbulia J. (2017). Global evidence of extreme intuitive moral prejudice against atheists. Nature Human Behaviour 1(8) Article 0151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41562-017-0151","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-017-0151"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gorsuch R. L. McPherson S. E. (1989). Intrinsic\/extrinsic measurement: I\/E-revised and single-item scales. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 28(3) 348\u2013354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1386745","DOI":"10.2307\/1386745"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graham J. Haidt J. (2010). Beyond beliefs: Religions bind individuals into moral communities. Personality and Social Psychology Review 14(1) 140\u2013150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1088868309353415","DOI":"10.1177\/1088868309353415"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graham J. Haidt J. Nosek B. A. (2009). Liberals and conservatives rely on different sets of moral foundations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 96(5) 1029\u20131046. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0015141","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015141"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graham J. Nosek B. A. Haidt J. (2012). The moral stereotypes of liberals and conservatives: Exaggeration of differences across the political spectrum. PLoS One 7(12) Article e50092. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0050092","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050092"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graham J. Nosek B. A. Haidt J. Iyer R. Koleva S. Ditto P. H. (2011). Mapping the moral domain. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 101(2) 366\u2013385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0021847","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021847"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gray K. Keeney J. E. (2015a). Disconfirming moral foundations Theory on its own terms: Reply to Graham (2015). Social Psychological and Personality Science 6(8) 874\u2013877. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1948550615592243","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550615592243"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gray K. Keeney J. E. (2015b). Impure or just weird? Scenario sampling bias raises questions about the foundation of morality. Social Psychological and Personality Science 6(8) 859\u2013868. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1948550615592241","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550615592241"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gray K. Wegner D. M. (2010). Blaming God for our pain: Human suffering and the divine mind. Personality and Social Psychology Review 14(1) 7\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1088868309350299","DOI":"10.1177\/1088868309350299"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grove R. C. Rubenstein A. Terrell H. K. (2020). Distrust persists after subverting atheist stereotypes. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 23(7) 1103\u20131124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1368430219874103","DOI":"10.1177\/1368430219874103"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haidt J. (2001). The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment. Psychological Review 108(4) 814\u2013834. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-295X.108.4.814","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.108.4.814"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haidt J. (2008). Morality. Perspectives on Psychological Science 3(1) 65\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1745-6916.2008.00063.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6916.2008.00063.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haidt J. Graham J. (2007). When morality opposes justice: Conservatives have moral intuitions that liberals may Not recognize. Social Justice Research 20(1) 98\u2013116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11211-007-0034-z","DOI":"10.1007\/s11211-007-0034-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hammer J. H. Cragun R. T. Hwang K. Smith J. M. (2012). Forms frequency and correlates of perceived anti-atheist discrimination. Secularism and Nonreligion 1 43\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5334\/snr.ad","DOI":"10.5334\/snr.ad"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hall D. L. Cohen A. B. Meyer K. K. Varley A. H. Brewer G. A. (2015). Costly signaling increases trust even across religious affiliations. Psychological Science 26(9) 1368\u20131376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0956797615576473","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797615576473"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hirsh J. B. DeYoung C. G. Xu X. Peterson J. B. (2010). Compassionate liberals and polite conservatives: Associations of agreeableness with political ideology and moral values. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 36(5) 655\u2013664. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0146167210366854","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167210366854"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iurino K. Saucier G. (2020). Testing measurement invariance of the Moral Foundations Questionnaire across 27 countries. Assessment 27(2) 365\u2013372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1073191118817916","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191118817916"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iyer R. Koleva S. Graham J. Ditto P. Haidt J. (2012). Understanding libertarian morality: The psychological dispositions of self-identified libertarians. PLoS One 7(8) Article e42366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0042366","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042366"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jackson L. M. Hunsberger B. (1999). An intergroup perspective on religion and prejudice. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 38(4) 509\u2013523. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1387609","DOI":"10.2307\/1387609"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LaBouff J. P. Humphreys M. Shen M. J. (2017). Religiosity and group-binding moral concerns. Archive for the Psychology of Religion 39(3) 263\u2013282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163\/15736121-12341343","DOI":"10.1163\/15736121-12341343"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LaBouff J. P. Ledoux A. M. (2016). Imagining atheists: Reducing fundamental distrust in atheist intergroup attitudes. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality 8(4) 330\u2013340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/rel0000066","DOI":"10.1037\/rel0000066"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_1","unstructured":"Lipka M. Tevington P. Starr K. J. (2024 February 7). 8 facts about atheists. Pew Research Center. https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/short-reads\/2024\/02\/07\/8-facts-about-atheists\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mackey C. Gallihugh B. Rios K. Gervais W. (2025). Faithless found: Replication and extension of Gervais (2011). The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion. Advance online publication. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10508619.2025.2491901","DOI":"10.1080\/10508619.2025.2491901"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mallinas S. R. Conway P. (2022). If you don\u2019t believe in God do you at least believe in Aristotle? Evaluations of religious outgroup members hinge upon moral perceptions. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 32(2) 127\u2013149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10508619.2021.1916240","DOI":"10.1080\/10508619.2021.1916240"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moon J. W. Krems J. A. Cohen A. B. (2020). Opposition to short-term mating predicts anti-atheist prejudice. Personality and Individual Differences 165 Article 110136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2020.110136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2020.110136"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moore K. M. (2002). \u201cUnited we stand\u201d: American attitudes toward (Muslim) immigration post-September 11th. The Muslim World 92(1\u20132) 39\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1478-1913.2002.tb03731.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-1913.2002.tb03731.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mudd T. L. Najle M. B. Ng B. K. Gervais W. (2015). The roots of right and wrong: Do concepts of innate morality reduce intuitive associations of immorality with atheism? Secularism and Nonreligion 4(10) 1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5334\/snr.bc","DOI":"10.5334\/snr.bc"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nilsson A. (2023). Measurement invariance of moral foundations across population strata. Journal of Personality Assessment 105(2) 163\u2013173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00223891.2022.2074853","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2022.2074853"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctt32bbp0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park J. Felix K. Lee G. (2007). Implicit attitudes toward Arab-Muslims and the moderating effects of social information. Basic and Applied Social Psychology 29(1) 35\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01973530701330942","DOI":"10.1080\/01973530701330942"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_1","unstructured":"Pew Research Center. (2014 July 16). How Americans feel about religious groups in 2014. https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/religion\/2014\/07\/16\/how-americans-feel-about-religious-groups\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_1","unstructured":"Pew Research Center. (2016 January 27). Religion and other candidate traits. https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/religion\/2016\/01\/27\/religion-and-other-candidate-traits\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_1","unstructured":"Pew Research Center. (2019 July 23). Feelings toward religious groups. https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/religion\/2019\/07\/23\/feelings-toward-religious-groups\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_1","unstructured":"Pew Research Center. (2025). Religious landscape study [Dataset]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.58094\/3zs9-jc14"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piazza J. Landy J. F. (2013). \u201cLean not on your own understanding\u201d: Belief that morality is founded on divine authority and non-utilitarian moral judgments. Judgment and Decision Making 8(6) 639\u2013661. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1930297500004691","DOI":"10.1017\/S1930297500004691"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Preston J. L. Ritter R. S. Hernandez J. I. (2010). Principles of religious prosociality: A review and reformulation. Social and Personality Psychology Compass 4(8) 574\u2013590. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1751-9004.2010.00286.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-9004.2010.00286.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rowatt W. C. Al-Kire R. L. (2021). Dimensions of religiousness and their connection to racial ethnic and atheist prejudices. Current Opinion in Psychology 40 86\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.copsyc.2020.08.022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2020.08.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rowatt W. C. Franklin L. M. Cotton M. (2005). Patterns and personality correlates of implicit and explicit attitudes towards Christians and Muslims. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 44(1) 29\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1468-5906.2005.00263.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-5906.2005.00263.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simpson A. McCurrie C. Rios K. (2019). Perceived morality and antiatheist prejudice: A replication and extension. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 29(3) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10508619.2019.1568142","DOI":"10.1080\/10508619.2019.1568142"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simpson A. Rios K. (2017). The moral contents of anti-atheist prejudice (and why atheists should care about it). European Journal of Social Psychology 47(4) 501\u2013508. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejsp.2219","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.2219"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swan L. K. Heesacker M. (2012). Anti-atheist bias in the United States: Testing two critical assumptions. Secularism and Nonreligion 1 32\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5334\/snr.ac","DOI":"10.5334\/snr.ac"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_1","unstructured":"Trump. (2024 June 3). Trump answers questions from \u201cFox & Friends Weekend\u201d viewers during sit-down interview [Broadcast] In Fox & Friends Weekend. Fox News. https:\/\/www.foxnews.com\/video\/6354217269112"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Leeuwen F. Park J. H. (2009). Perceptions of social dangers moral foundations and political orientation. Personality and Individual Differences 47(3) 169\u2013173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2009.02.017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2009.02.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0000415-000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilcox C. Sigelman L. Cook E. (1989). Some like it hot: Individual differences in responses to group feeling thermometers. Public Opinion Quarterly 53(2) 246\u2013257. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/269505","DOI":"10.1086\/269505"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wormley A. S. Scott M. Grimm K. J. Cohen A. B. (2025). Measuring morality: An examination of the Moral Foundation Questionnaire\u2019s factor structure. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 51(2) 314\u2013328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/01461672231191362","DOI":"10.1177\/01461672231191362"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zakharin M. Bates T. C. (2021). Remapping the foundations of morality: Well-fitting structural model of the Moral Foundations Questionnaire. PLoS One 16(10) Article e0258910. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0258910","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0258910"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zuckerman P. (2009). Atheism secularity and well-being: How the findings of social science counter negative stereotypes and assumptions. Sociology Compass 3(6) 949\u2013971. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1751-9020.2009.00247.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-9020.2009.00247.x"}],"container-title":["Group Processes &amp; Intergroup Relations"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13684302261438589","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/13684302261438589","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13684302261438589","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T10:50:09Z","timestamp":1790247009000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/13684302261438589"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/13684302261438589"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13684302261438589","relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-4302","1461-7188"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1368-4302","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-7188","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]]}}}