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NFC evaluated vessel clarity, tubular collateral number\/length, input\/output tab diameters, apex diameter\/width, granular flow rate, blood color ratio, perfused capillary density (PCD) in five groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Significant differences found vs. controls: DM group had reduced tubular collateral length and input tab diameter; Stroke group had reduced tubular collateral length and apex width, plus altered blood color distribution; CKD group had reduced vessel clarity; The PCD was significantly reduced in the hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and stroke groups(P\u2009&lt;\u20090.01). Well-point sites had fewer tubular collaterals than non-well-point sites.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Specific NFC parameters (capillary length, width, blood color, clarity) provide reference values for assessing these cardiovascular\/metabolic disorders. Well-point NFC may aid early detection\/prevention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13860291251414609","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T13:16:16Z","timestamp":1776690976000},"page":"77-89","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Observational study of nailfold capillaroscopy features in hypertension, diabetes Mellitus, stroke, and chronic kidney disease: Associations and potential for early detection in cardiovascular and metabolic disorders"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"91","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9113-7086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongxu","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome\/The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China"},{"name":"The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fengming","family":"Jie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Medicine Guangdong Laboratory (Hengqin Laboratory), Zhuhai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yutong","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome\/The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China"},{"name":"Chinese Medicine Guangdong Laboratory (Hengqin Laboratory), Zhuhai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yifan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mei","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiuming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guangyao","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome\/The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart Credential Medical Guangzhou Limited, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanxiong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhimin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome\/The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China"},{"name":"The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Bin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China"},{"name":"Chinese Medicine Guangdong Laboratory (Hengqin Laboratory), Zhuhai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61752-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa085"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpab021"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.122.321762"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","first-page":"131","volume-title":"Disease and microcirculation","author":"Huijie Y","year":"2005","unstructured":"Huijie Y. 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