{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T22:26:38Z","timestamp":1793571998914,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1-2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) often develop exacerbations that could be infective or non-infective and are prone to develop thrombosis. To assess thrombogenicity in this group, a functional biomarker of clot microstructure namely fractal dimension (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">d<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>f<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) is utilised. This sub-group analysis intent to compare the changes in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">d<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>f<\/jats:sub>\n                      between infective and non-infective exacerbation of COPD.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>85 patients with acute exacerbations of COPD were recruited from the Emergency Department. Blood samples were taken to determine biomarkers of inflammation, haemostasis and rheology at four time points (0\u2005h, 4\u20136\u2005h, 24\u2005h and 3\u20137 days).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The biomarker of clot microstructure did not attain significance in the infective group when compared to the non-infective group at four time points.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study demonstrates that exacerbation caused by infection does not cause more thrombogenicity compared to non-infective causes utilising clot microstructure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13860291261489728","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T15:13:22Z","timestamp":1789658002000},"page":"13-20","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clot microstructure in infective and non-infective exacerbation of COPD, are they different?"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"94","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9753-6949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suresh","family":"Pillai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Morriston Hospital"},{"name":"Swansea Bay University Health Board"},{"name":"Swansea University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Lawrence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Morriston Hospital"},{"name":"Swansea Bay University Health Board"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0315-5852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun-Cezar","family":"Zaldua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Morriston Hospital"},{"name":"Swansea Bay University Health Board"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl","family":"Hawkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swansea University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiff Metropolitan University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Whitley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Morriston Hospital"},{"name":"Swansea Bay University Health Board"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phillip A.","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Morriston Hospital"},{"name":"Swansea Bay University Health Board"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"Asthma Lung UK. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). 2026 Retrieved from https:\/\/www.asthmaandlung.org.uk\/conditions\/copd-chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease\/what-chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). 2024 https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-(copd)"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","unstructured":"National Institute of Health Care Excellence. 2025 Retrieved from https:\/\/cks.nice.org.uk\/topics\/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease\/background-information\/prevalence-incidence\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.332.7551.1202"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2022.106774"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.117.309846"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","unstructured":"Asthma Lung UK (2026). 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