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However, studying these complex factors in vivo, where numerous confounding processes exist, is challenging, and until recently, in vitro models have not allowed sustained culture of critical cell types in the same culture.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We employed a rat primary tri-culture (neurons, astrocytes, and microglia) model and compared it to co-culture (neurons and astrocytes) and mono-culture (microglia) to study microglial function (i.e., motility and A\u03b2 clearance) and proteomic response to exogenous A\u03b2.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The cultures were exposed to fluorescently-labeled A\u03b2 (FITC-A\u03b2) particles for varying durations. Epifluorescence microscopy images were analyzed to quantify the number of FITC-A\u03b2 particles and assess cytomorphological features. Cytokine profiles from conditioned media were obtained. Live-cell imaging was employed to extract microglia motility parameters.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>FITC-A\u03b2 particles were more effectively cleared in the tri-culture compared to the co-culture. This was attributed to microglia engulfing FITC-A\u03b2 particles, as confirmed via epifluorescence and confocal microscopy. FITC-A\u03b2 treatment significantly increased microglia size, but had no significant effect on neuronal surface coverage or astrocyte size. Upon FITC-A\u03b2 treatment, there was a significant increase in proinflammatory cytokines in tri-culture, but not in co-culture. A\u03b2 treatment altered microglia motility evident as a swarming-like motion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results suggest that neuron-astrocyte-microglia interactions influence microglia function and highlight the utility of the tri-culture model for studies of neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and cell-cell communication.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877241291142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T01:55:01Z","timestamp":1732499701000},"page":"730-741","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Primary cortical cell tri-culture to study effects of amyloid-\u03b2 on microglia function and neuroinflammatory response"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Hyehyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryan","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noah","family":"Goshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Cristina","family":"Grodzki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela J","family":"Lein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2401-3562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erkin","family":"Seker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13016"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201606210"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-1-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn109"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.03.026"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-020-02193-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","first-page":"136","article-title":"Role of pro-inflammatory cytokines released from microglia in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"3","author":"Wang W-Y","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang W-Y, Tan M-S, Yu J-T, et al. 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