{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T17:21:00Z","timestamp":1777396860506,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737417600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U19AG066567)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19AG066567)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01AG006781"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01AG006781"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG060942"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG060942"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OT2OD032644"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OT2OD032644"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100002565","name":"Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100002565","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Lantham Vision Research Innovation Award"},{"name":"Klorfine Family Endowed Chair"},{"name":"Karalis Johnson Retina Center"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001818","name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Some studies have suggested that glaucoma may be associated with neurodegeneration and a higher risk of dementia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate whether exposure to different categories of topical glaucoma medications is associated with differential dementia risks in people with glaucoma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used data from Adult Changes in Thought, a population-based, prospective cohort study that follows cognitively normal older adults from Kaiser Permanente Washington (KPWA) until Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementia development. We included participants with a diagnosis of glaucoma, KPWA pharmacy records of filling topical glaucoma medication (alpha-adrenergic agonists [AAA], beta-adrenergic antagonists, miotics, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors [CAI], and prostaglandins) and at least 10 years of pharmacy records. Eight-year sliding windows were derived for each medication class by computing days on each medication starting 10 years earlier and excluding the most recent 2 years. Cox regression used all 5 classes of medication simultaneously to predict AD and all-cause dementia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We included 521 participants (mean age 78 [range 65\u201396], 62% female) with\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">APOE<\/jats:italic>\n                      genotype data. Beta-adrenergic antagonists were the most frequently prescribed (n\u2009=\u2009431) followed by prostaglandins (351), AAA (239), CAI (162), and miotics (142). Adjusting for time-varying exposure to other glaucoma medications,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">APOE<\/jats:italic>\n                      , demographics, and smoking, each year of use of alpha-adrenergic agonists in an 8-year window was associated with a higher risk of developing dementia (HR\u2009=\u20091.33, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.03\u20131.72).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among older adults with treated glaucoma, exposure to alpha-adrenergic agonists appears to be associated with risk for developing all-cause dementia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877241305745","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T03:30:06Z","timestamp":1737430206000},"page":"679-686","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Associations between dementia and exposure to topical glaucoma medications"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"103","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5525-7220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliver","family":"Davidson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"},{"name":"The Roger and Angie Karalis Johnson Retina Center, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael L","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jason P","family":"Kam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Brush","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anand","family":"Rajesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"},{"name":"The Roger and Angie Karalis Johnson Retina Center, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marian","family":"Blazes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"},{"name":"The Roger and Angie Karalis Johnson Retina Center, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David E","family":"Arterburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"},{"name":"Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Duerr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura E","family":"Gibbons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul K","family":"Crane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1994-7213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cecilia S","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"},{"name":"The Roger and Angie Karalis Johnson Retina Center, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"on behalf of the Eye ACT study group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","volume-title":"World Alzheimer Report 2022. Life after diagnosis: Navigating treatment, care and support","author":"Gauthier S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gauthier S, Webster C, Servaes S, et al. World Alzheimer Report 2022. Life after diagnosis: Navigating treatment, care and support. London, UK: Alzheimer\u2019s Disease International, 2022."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2019.0677"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7120a2"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-180942"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.2.168"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-019-02004-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2022.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31363-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.10734"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2022.0723"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.06.2856"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.12.029"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crneur.2022.100037"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23949"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X16666171206144045"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2011.06.040"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232214104"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2008-322X.163766"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000001786"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00758"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-018-0650-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2016.397"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S44708"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.05.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-144-2-200601170-00004"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.59.11.1737"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1532-5415.2002.50408.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-201492"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2015.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610294001602"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2017.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_34_2","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. (DSM-IV). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc., 1994.","edition":"4"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2019.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.01.056"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01296-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0118333"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-7568(22)00117-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.06.3061"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12482"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2020.00005"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000864"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-2607"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000002833"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-022987"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2014-305863"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-2078"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2000.2.3\/jnewcomer"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00043"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2012.02684.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2741\/4691"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.397"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_55_2","article-title":"Combination medical treatment for primary open angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension: a network meta-analysis","volume":"2014","author":"Michelessi M","year":"2014","unstructured":"Michelessi M, Lindsley K, Yu T, et al. Combination medical treatment for primary open angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension: a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; 2014: CD011366.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"}],"container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13872877241305745","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/13872877241305745","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13872877241305745","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T10:09:29Z","timestamp":1777370969000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/13872877241305745"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/13872877241305745"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13872877241305745","relation":{},"ISSN":["1387-2877","1875-8908"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1387-2877","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-8908","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]]}}}