{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T17:25:32Z","timestamp":1777397132789,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1_suppl","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740960000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001505","name":"Health Research Council of New Zealand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16\/604"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16\/604"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001505","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003524","name":"Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003524","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG069939, R01AG032282, R01AG049789"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG069939, R01AG032282, R01AG049789"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/P005918\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/P005918\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F32ES34238"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F32ES34238"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Duke\/UNC Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Research Center"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Identification of at-risk individuals who would benefit from early intervention for Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) is critical as new treatments are developed. Measures of retinal health could offer accessible and low-cost indication of pre-morbid disease risk, but their association with ADRD risk is unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine whether midlife retinal neuronal and microvascular measures are associated with ADRD risk-index scores and individual domains of ADRD risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data were from the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study, a population-representative longitudinal New Zealand-based birth cohort study. 94.1% (N\u2009=\u2009938) of living Study members were seen at age 45 (2017\u20132019). Retinal neuronal (retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and ganglion cell\u2013inner plexiform layer (GC-IPL)) and microvascular (arterioles and venules) measures were used as predictors. Outcome measures were four top ADRD risk indexes (CAIDE, LIBRA, Lancet, and ADU-ADRI), and a comprehensive midlife ADRD risk index, the DunedinARB.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Poorer retinal microvascular health (narrower arterioles and wider venules) was associated with greater ADRD risk (\u03b2s\u2009=\u20090.16\u20130.31;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      s\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Thinner RNFL was modestly associated with higher ADRD risk (\u03b2s\u2009=\u20090.05\u20130.08;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      s\u2009=\u20090.02\u20130.13). Follow-up tests of distinct domains of ADRD risk indicated that while RNFL associations reflected cardiometabolic risk only, microvascular measures were associated with diverse ADRD risk factors.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Measures of retinal health, particularly microvascular measures, successfully capture ADRD risk across several domains of known risk factors, even at the young midlife age of 45 years. Retinal microvascular imaging may be an accessible, scalable, and relatively low-cost method of assessing ADRD risk among middle-aged adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877251321114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T14:10:07Z","timestamp":1741097407000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Measures of retinal health successfully capture risk for Alzheimer's disease and related dementias at midlife"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"108","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7466-3013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashleigh","family":"Barrett-Young","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5713-4913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaron","family":"Reuben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0082-4600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Avshalom","family":"Caspi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology &amp; Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA"},{"name":"Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA"},{"name":"Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, &amp; Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK"},{"name":"PROMENTA, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1475-3639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirsten","family":"Cheyne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7343-916X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Ireland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8740-1277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jesse","family":"Kokaua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Va\u2019a o Tautai\u2014Centre for Pacific Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0383-9886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandhya","family":"Ramrakha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6752-797X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yih-Chung","family":"Tham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore"},{"name":"Centre for Innovation and Precision Eye Health, Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore"},{"name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Science Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1057-9859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reremoana","family":"Theodore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Graham","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8448-1264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tien Yin","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore"},{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8589-6760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Terrie","family":"Moffitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology &amp; 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