{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T17:17:51Z","timestamp":1780593471076,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745280000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIA","award":["AG003949"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AG003949"]}]},{"name":"NIA","award":["AG080635"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AG080635"]}]},{"name":"NIA","award":["K23 AG063993"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23 AG063993"]}]},{"name":"the Leonard and Sylvia Marx Foundation"},{"name":"Cure Alzheimer's"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000957","name":"Alzheimer's Association","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["SG-24-988292"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SG-24-988292"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000957","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neuroinflammation actively contributes to the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, the value of neuroinflammatory biomarkers for disease-staging or predicting disease progression remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate diagnostic and prognostic utility of inflammatory biomarkers in combination with conventional AD biomarkers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Data from 258 participants in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers of amyloid-\u03b2 (A\u03b2), tau, and inflammation were analyzed. Clinically meaningful cognitive decline (CMCD) was defined as a\u2009\u2265\u20094-point increase on the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale Cognitive Subscore 11. Predictor variables included demographics (D: age, sex, education),\n                      <jats:italic>APOE4<\/jats:italic>\n                      status (A), inflammatory biomarkers (I), and classic AD biomarkers of A\u03b2 and p-tau181 (C). Models incorporating inflammatory biomarkers assessed their contribution to improving baseline diagnostic classification and 1-year CMCD prediction.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      At 1-year follow-up, 27.1% of participants experienced CMCD. Adding inflammatory biomarkers to models with D and A variables (DA model) improved classification of cognitively normal (CN) versus mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and CN versus Dementia (\n                      <jats:italic>p\u2009<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;\u20090.001). Similarly, inflammatory markers enhanced classification in models including C (DAC model), for CN versus MCI (\n                      <jats:italic>p\u2009<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;\u20090.01) and CN versus Dementia (\n                      <jats:italic>p\u2009<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;\u20090.001). Predictive performance for CMCD was improved in individuals with MCI and dementia in both models (all\n                      <jats:italic>p\u2009<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;\u20090.05). In addition, the DAI model outperformed the DAC model in predicting CMCD for MCI and Dementia groups (both\n                      <jats:italic>p\u2009<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Addition of CSF inflammatory biomarkers to biomarkers of AD improves diagnostic accuracy of clinical disease stage at baseline and add incremental value to AD biomarkers for prediction of cognitive decline.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877251335915","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T16:27:32Z","timestamp":1745339252000},"page":"1298-1308","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Cerebrospinal fluid inflammatory cytokines as prognostic indicators for cognitive decline across Alzheimer's disease spectrum"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"105","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1733-9928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elham","family":"Ghanbarian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1585-3909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Babak","family":"Khorsand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3195-3456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kellen K","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhargav T","family":"Nallapu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saul B. Korey Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S Ahmad","family":"Sajjadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard B","family":"Lipton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saul B. Korey Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Ezzati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"for the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative *","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)70016-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00337"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2016.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0616-08.2008"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3442-16.2017"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006082"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2018-319148"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2018.12.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","article-title":"Higher baseline levels of CSF inflammation increase risk of incident mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease dementia","volume":"14","author":"Contreras JA","year":"2022","unstructured":"Contreras JA, Aslanyan V, Albrecht DS, et al. Higher baseline levels of CSF inflammation increase risk of incident mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease dementia. 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