{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T17:29:43Z","timestamp":1777397383680,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746489600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"1.3.5 project for disciplines of excellence, West China Hospital, Sichuan University","award":["ZYJC21046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZYJC21046"]}]},{"name":"1.3.5 project for disciplines of excellence-Clinical Research Incubation Project, West China Hospital, Sichuan University","award":["2021HXFH001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021HXFH001"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018542","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022NSFSC0806"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022NSFSC0806"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018542","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China for Young Scientists Fund","award":["82203782"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82203782"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan University-Zigong School-local Cooperation project","award":["2021CDZG-23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021CDZG-23"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan University-Sui Lin School-local Cooperation project","award":["2022CDSN-18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022CDSN-18"]}]},{"name":"China Telecom Sichuan Company Biliary tract Tumor Big Data Platform and Application Phase I R&D Project","award":["312230752"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["312230752"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cognitive decline poses a significant challenge in aging societies. While some studies suggest that active social participation mitigates cognitive decline, others present conflicting findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study aimed to elucidate the causal relationship between social participation and cognitive function.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The cognitive performance dataset (n\u2009=\u2009257,841) was used as the discovery sample, while cognitive function (n\u2009=\u200922,593) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) datasets (n\u2009=\u2009394,705) served as replication samples and proxies for severe cognitive decline. Inverse variance weighting was the primary analytical method, supplemented by weighted median, MR-Egger, MR.RAPS, MR-PRESSO, and maximum likelihood methods for sensitivity analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Social participation in sports club or gym (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.09, 95% CI: 0.05 to 0.14, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), religious group (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.11, 95% CI: 0.08 to 0.14, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and other group activity (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.06, 95% CI: 0.03 to 0.09, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) reduced the risk of cognitive decline, while pub or social club (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u22120.06, 95% CI: \u22120.1 to \u22120.02, p\u2009=\u20090.005) and social inactivity (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u22120.05, 95% CI: \u22120.09 to \u22120.01, p\u2009=\u20090.017) accelerated cognitive decline. Improved cognitive performance promoted participation in beneficial activities and reduced pub or social club participation. Additionally, AD motivated visits to pub or social club (OR\u2009=\u20091.01, 95% CI: 1.00 to 1.03, p\u2009=\u20090.011).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Specific types of social participation may protect against cognitive decline, offering evidence for targeted interventions to prompt cognitive health in aging populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877251340078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T02:56:38Z","timestamp":1750820198000},"page":"259-270","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genetic association of social participation with cognitive function: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"106","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6763-1489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aoqiang","family":"Zhai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biliary Tract Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China"},{"name":"Research Center for Biliary Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruiqi","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biliary Tract Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China"},{"name":"Research Center for Biliary Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tianrun","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biliary Tract Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China"},{"name":"Research Center for Biliary Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7760-9856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siqi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biliary Tract Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China"},{"name":"Research Center for Biliary Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanjie","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biliary Tract Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China"},{"name":"Research Center for Biliary Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3901-2394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2755-2887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fuyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biliary Tract Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China"},{"name":"Research Center for Biliary Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2871-290X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haijie","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biliary Tract Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China"},{"name":"Research Center for Biliary Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbp084"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1473657"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/S1877-636120170000017004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-15-00292"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-1166(200011)15:11<983::AID-GPS238>3.0.CO;2-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1032666"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","article-title":"The China Alzheimer report 2022","volume":"35","author":"Ren R","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ren R, Qi J, Lin S, et al. The China Alzheimer report 2022. Gen Psychiatr 2022; 35: e100751.","journal-title":"Gen Psychiatr"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160129"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.302121"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp161"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0221985"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2008.10.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617702813248"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0898264318800587"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.5243"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720001014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/57.2.P153"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.2490"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwj061"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyg070"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-021-00954-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0147-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-022-01062-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02317-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyaa241"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1364157"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyx028"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2023.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-023-01609-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/aja202261"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21758"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.7221"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv080"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab291"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0099-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21998"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-153-3-201008030-00258"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0733464820909244"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1075563"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-180501"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/61.1.P3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4178\/epih.e2023098"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.2478"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13825585.2024.2315769"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bs14040262"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/pharmrev.123.000823"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12868-024-00901-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-643"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/60.6.P320"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026579"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1042567"}],"container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13872877251340078","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/13872877251340078","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13872877251340078","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T10:10:40Z","timestamp":1777371040000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/13872877251340078"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/13872877251340078"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13872877251340078","relation":{},"ISSN":["1387-2877","1875-8908"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1387-2877","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-8908","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]}}}