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Social support was measured using the Interpersonal Support and Evaluations List, and chronic stress measured with the Chronic Burden Scale. Linear regression models evaluated associations of chronic stress and\/or social support with domain-specific cognitive z-scores, adjusting for age, education, gender, race\/ethnicity, and symptoms of anxiety. Interactions between chronic stress or social support and gender or race\/ethnicity in relation to cognition were assessed. Additional analyses examined the interrelationship between chronic stress and social support in relation to cognition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Higher chronic stress was associated with lower cognitive z-scores; results differed by race\/ethnicity. Higher social support was associated with higher cognitive z-scores; results differed by gender and race\/ethnicity. In models incorporating both chronic stress and social support, associations between social support and cognition remained, however associations between chronic stress and cognition were attenuated. A combination of high chronic stress\/low social support, compared to low chronic stress\/high social support, was associated with lower cognitive z-scores.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High chronic stress and low social support is associated with worse cognition. Future studies are needed to understand the underlying mechanisms, with consideration of gender and race\/ethnicity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877251352110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T04:05:21Z","timestamp":1750910721000},"page":"1383-1394","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Associations of chronic stress and social support with cognition: The role of gender and race\/ethnicity in the HABS-HD study cohort"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"106","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3793-3950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jillian K","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leigh","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Translational Research, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James R","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Translational Research, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James R","family":"Bateman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sid","family":"O\u2019Bryant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Translational Research, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7177-1185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle M","family":"Mielke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(21)00249-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30367-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01296-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","first-page":"1057","article-title":"The impact of stress on body function: a review","volume":"16","author":"Yaribeygi H","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yaribeygi H, Panahi Y, Sahraei H, et al. 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