{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T11:08:56Z","timestamp":1789038536075,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753056000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dementia is a global public health challenge, with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD) being the most prevalent subtypes. Air pollution is a potential risk factor for dementia, but few studies separate AD and VaD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to investigate whether exposure to air pollution is associated with the incidence of AD and VaD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study involved 30,247 participants from the Malm\u00f6 Diet and Cancer Study (1991\u20132014), with 1216 AD cases (including mixed type) and 531 VaD cases, clinically validated. Long-term exposure to PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      and NO\n                      <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                      was modeled using the past 5-years or 10-year mean concentration with 50m\u2009\u00d7\u200950\u2005m spatial resolution at residential addresses. The association between AD and VaD and air pollution was assessed using adjusted Cox-proportional hazards.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      For AD the hazard ratios (HRs (95% CIs) were 1.06 (0.89\u20131.27) for PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      and 1.08 (0.96\u20131.22) for NO\n                      <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                      per interquartile range (IQR) increase in past 10-year mean pollution-levels. Nonsignificant associations were observed in two-pollutant models. For past 5-year exposure, we observed a statistically significant association between NO\n                      <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                      and AD 1.14 (1.00\u20131.30). For VaD, we found no evidence for associations in any models.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We found that while both PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      and NO\n                      <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                      seemed linked to increased AD risk in single-pollutant models, only the associations with NO\n                      <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                      remained in two-pollutant models, particularly for exposures in the past five years. No associations were observed for VaD. The results underscore the importance of distinguishing dementia subtypes, identifying critical exposure windows, and applying multi-pollutant models in future studies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877251360225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T06:54:46Z","timestamp":1753167286000},"page":"337-347","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Long-term exposure to air pollution and validated cases of Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia in the Malm\u00f6 diet and cancer cohort"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"107","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4528-0021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah-J","family":"Alzhrani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Al-Qunfudhah, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department for Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leo","family":"Stockfelt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden"},{"name":"Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiyi","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florencia","family":"Harari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden"},{"name":"Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanna","family":"Gustafsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment Department, City of Malm\u00f6, Malm\u00f6, \rSweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gunnar","family":"Engstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences in Malm\u00f6, CRC, Lund University and Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital, Malm\u00f6, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oskar","family":"Hansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malm\u00f6, Lund University, Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Oudin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department for Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden"},{"name":"Section of Sustainable Health, Ume\u00e5 University, Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"WHO. 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