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However, the literature remains unclear on whether olfactory dysfunction is already evident in the prodromal form of subjective cognitive decline (SCD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to characterize olfactory function and neuropsychiatric symptoms, including anxiety and depression, in individuals with SCD compared to healthy controls (HC).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 110 community-dwelling participants aged 60 years and older were recruited, with 59 classified as SCD (42 women) and 51 as HC (35 women). Participants completed validated anxiety and depression questionnaires (Geriatric Anxiety Inventory and Geriatric Depression Scale) and underwent a comprehensive olfactory assessment using the complete Sniffin\u2019 Sticks battery (odor threshold, discrimination, and identification).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The SCD group exhibited lower global olfactory scores (small to moderate effect size; Cohen's\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">d<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.41), and higher depression (large effect size; Cohen's\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">d<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20091.07) and anxiety (moderate effect size; Cohen's\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">d<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.64\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">)<\/jats:italic>\n                      scores compared to HC. Notably, global olfactory performance enhanced group status prediction and classification (SCD versus HC) when combined with anxiety and depression measures.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings highlight subtle but significant lower olfactory performance in individuals with SCD. The neurophysiological underpinnings are unclear and may be unveiled with electrophysiological methods such as olfactory-evoked potentials.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877251363422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T05:22:39Z","timestamp":1754284959000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Characterizing olfaction, anxiety, and depression in subjective cognitive decline"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"110","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4384-6347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivier","family":"Fortier-Lebel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Trois-Rivi\u00e8res, Trois-Rivi\u00e8res, QC, Canada"},{"name":"Research Center of the H\u00f4pital du Sacr\u00e9-Coeur de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC, Canada"},{"name":"Research Center of the Institut universitaire de g\u00e9riatrie de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0133-6768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c9milie","family":"Hudon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Trois-Rivi\u00e8res, Trois-Rivi\u00e8res, QC, Canada"},{"name":"Research Center of the H\u00f4pital du Sacr\u00e9-Coeur de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Brosse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of the H\u00f4pital du Sacr\u00e9-Coeur de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Trois-Rivi\u00e8res, Trois-Rivi\u00e8res, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6184-1933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Boller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Trois-Rivi\u00e8res, Trois-Rivi\u00e8res, QC, Canada"},{"name":"Research Center of the Institut universitaire de g\u00e9riatrie de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Frasnelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of the H\u00f4pital du Sacr\u00e9-Coeur de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Trois-Rivi\u00e8res, Trois-Rivi\u00e8res, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease International. 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