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However, the mechanisms of T2DM-related dementia remain poorly understood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We evaluated the molecular properties of gray matter atrophy and cognitive decline in T2DM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We obtained retrospective data from the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging for 271 individuals with T2DM and 542 non-diabetic controls (age 51\u201389, 62% male). We identified regions of significant gray matter atrophy in the T2DM group and then determined which genes were significantly expressed in these brain regions using imaging transcriptomics. We selected 15 candidate genes involved in insulin signaling, lipid metabolism, amyloid processing, N-methyl-D-aspartate-mediated neurotransmission, and calcium signaling.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The T2DM group demonstrated gray matter atrophy in regions of the default mode, frontal-parietal, and sensorimotor networks (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05 cluster threshold corrected for false discovery rate, FDR).\n                      <jats:italic>IRS1, AKT1, PPARG, PRKAG2<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>GRIN2B<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes were significantly expressed in these same regions (R\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u20090.10, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.03, FDR corrected). Bayesian network analysis indicated significant directional paths among all 5 genes as well as the Clinical Dementia Rating score. Directional paths among genes were significantly altered in the T2DM group (Structural Hamming Distance\u2009=\u200912, p\u2009=\u20090.004), with\n                      <jats:italic>PPARG<\/jats:italic>\n                      expression becoming more important in the context of T2DM-related pathophysiology.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Alterations of brain transcriptome patterns occurred in the absence of significant cognitive deficit or cortical amyloid accumulation and in the context of lower incidence of\n                      <jats:italic>APOE4<\/jats:italic>\n                      genotype, potentially representing an early biomarker of T2DM-related dementia.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877251364906","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T14:17:10Z","timestamp":1755094630000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The expression of insulin signaling and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor genes in areas of gray matter atrophy is associated with cognitive function in type 2 diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0515-7942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shelli R","family":"Kesler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Adult Health, School of Nursing, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA"},{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Medicine, Dell School of Medicine, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4314-6686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather","family":"Cuevas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Adult Health, School of Nursing, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2590-8627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kimberly A","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing Excellence, Kaiser Permanente Richmond Medical Center, Richmond, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5547-1518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar Y","family":"Franco-Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Adult Health, School of Nursing, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7054-7533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Flowers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiological Nursing, School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA"},{"name":"Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2021.0189"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30139-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imu.2020.100309"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00395-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-94048-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-190948"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz020"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms131012629"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2021.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.110173"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","article-title":"Allen brain atlas: an integrated spatio-temporal portal for exploring the central nervous system","volume":"41","author":"Sunkin SM","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sunkin SM, Ng L, Lau C, et al. 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