{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T03:11:41Z","timestamp":1788318701031,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755129600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dementia and cognitive impairment are prevalent conditions, and susceptibility likely begins years before symptoms. Early life has not been comprehensively tested for potential risk factors for dementia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To explore the associations between childhood conditions and exposures and cognitive impairment in adulthood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the US Health and Retirement Study (normal baseline cognition; n\u2009=\u200916,509; 2008\u20132018 waves), 31 exposures before age 16 were retrospectively assessed with ten-year incident cognitive status (dementia, impaired, normal). Using parallel modified Poisson models, each exposure was tested with incident cognition, adjusting for sex, baseline age, follow-up, race\/ethnicity, personal\/parental education.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among the analytic sample, participants were mean 61 years of age at baseline and all had normal cognition. During up to 10 years of follow-up, 14.5% developed cognitive impairment and 5.3% developed dementia. Participants with depression during childhood had 1.49 (95%CI:1.2,1.84) times higher risk of incident impairment, relative to normal cognition. Participants with headaches\/migraines during childhood had 1.43 (95%CI:1.14,1.79) times higher risk of incidence of dementia. Participants with learning problems during childhood had 1.71 (95%CI:1.44,2.03) times higher risk of incident impairment. Childhood self-rated health of fair (1.59, 95%CI:1.2,2.1) and poor (2.42, 95%CI:1.62,3.61) had higher risk of incidence of dementia, relative to excellent self-rated health. Associations between additional exposures and either incident impairment or dementia did not reach the multiple testing threshold (false discovery rate\u2009&lt;\u20090.01).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Conditions and exposures during the early life period may be important for later life cognitive impairment or dementia. These findings support extending the relevant dementia risk window to evaluate childhood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877251365283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T07:53:15Z","timestamp":1755157995000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Exposures and conditions prior to age 16 are associated with incidence of dementia status among adults in the United States Health and Retirement Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0722-8313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scarlet","family":"Cockell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8279-3597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Herong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly S","family":"Benke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4731-8158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erin B","family":"Ware","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"},{"name":"Population Studies Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9605-6337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelly M","family":"Bakulski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13809"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12822"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.06.3063"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","unstructured":"Greenblat C. 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