{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T17:34:30Z","timestamp":1777397670872,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754438400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Smoking is a major modifiable risk factor for Alzheimer's disease and other dementias (ADODs), but comprehensive assessments of its global burden remain scarce.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study examines spatiotemporal trends in smoking-attributable ADODs across 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 study, we estimated smoking-attributable mortality, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR), and age-standardized DALY rate (ASDR). Temporal trends were quantified via estimated annual percentage change (EAPC), and future trajectories were projected using autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Between 1990 and 2021, global smoking-attributable ADOD deaths and DALYs increased by 108.85% (67,176 deaths) and 92.88% (1.53 million DALYs), respectively. However, age-standardized rates declined significantly: ASMR decreased by 22.22% (EAPC\u2009=\u2009\u22120.95, 95% CI: \u22120.99, \u22120.91) and ASDR by 21.30% (EAPC\u2009=\u2009\u22120.88, 95% CI: \u22120.92, \u22120.83). Men exhibited higher baseline rates, but women experienced steeper declines (ASMR EAPC: \u22121.60vs\u22120.79). Elderly populations disproportionately bore the highest burden, especially those \u226565 years. The middle-SDI region bore the heaviest burden (47,038,000 DALYs), while East Asia accounted for 38% of deaths. Projections suggest that the burden of smoking-related ADOD may continue to rise by 2036.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The burden of smoking-related ADODs remains high, with marked disparities across age, gender and socioeconomic strata. Targeted interventions, such as tobacco taxation, smoking bans, and integrated cognitive screening programs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877251365284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T06:49:06Z","timestamp":1754549346000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Global burden trends of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias attributable to smoking from 1990 to 2021"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"given":"Yanming","family":"Lv","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicological Sciences, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0533-579X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicological Sciences, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1821-7029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenhao","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicological Sciences, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Baixiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicological Sciences, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3656-2632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xueting","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicological Sciences, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.753861"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqac193"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10050647"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00038-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00367-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2021.06.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00757-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-324009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.waojou.2021.100604"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21062180"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00310"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntac113"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/20251"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.04.043"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23153"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00769-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deaa371"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00933-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.956712"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2017-211675"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2021.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.882241"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.874677"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-318936"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","first-page":"64","article-title":"Epidemiological trends of urinary tract infections, urolithiasis and benign prostatic hyperplasia in 203 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019","volume":"8","author":"Zhu C","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhu C, Wang D-Q, Zi H, et al. Epidemiological trends of urinary tract infections, urolithiasis and benign prostatic hyperplasia in 203 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Mil Med Res 2021; 8: 64.","journal-title":"Mil Med Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.155366"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109183"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18332\/tid\/145143"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18332\/tid\/143027"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-024-03269-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.00885"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.4714"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12102907"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kez557"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14093"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18332\/tid\/98912"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntz175"}],"container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13872877251365284","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/13872877251365284","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13872877251365284","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T10:11:29Z","timestamp":1777371089000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/13872877251365284"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/13872877251365284"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13872877251365284","relation":{},"ISSN":["1387-2877","1875-8908"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1387-2877","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-8908","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"article-number":"13872877251365284"}}