{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T13:23:41Z","timestamp":1781616221162,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756080000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Several hypotheses suggest that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), and antidiabetic medications may influence cognitive function in these patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the impact of single and combination antidiabetic therapies on cognitive function in patients with both AD and T2DM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed data from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (NACC), covering a 17-year period from June 2005 to August 2022. This study included 3234 patients with both AD and T2DM. After applying exclusion criteria, 964 patients were analyzed using propensity score matching and a generalized linear mixed model. Patients were categorized based on their longitudinal use of oral antidiabetic medications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Based on the 964 patients\u2019 cohort, the study found that patients receiving metformin with sulfonylureas (RR\u2009=\u20091.105 [1.022, 1.195], p\u2009=\u20090.013) and metformin with a dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor (DPP-4i) (RR\u2009=\u20091.132 [1.021, 1.256], p\u2009=\u20090.019) experienced a significantly slower decline in MMSE scores over time when compared to patients receiving metformin with thiazolidinediones (TZD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study demonstrates that combination therapies involving metformin with sulfonylureas or DPP-4i are associated with a slower rate of cognitive decline compared to metformin with TZD in patients with AD and T2DM. These findings provide novel evidence for the long-term cognitive benefits of specific antidiabetic therapies and offer valuable insights for clinical decision-making in this dual-affected population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877251365662","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T14:43:29Z","timestamp":1756133009000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Impact of antidiabetic therapy on cognitive function in patients with type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease: A comprehensive analysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8336-6814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, Pharmacometrics &amp; Systems Pharmacology (PSP) PharmacoAnalytics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"},{"name":"National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3735-2425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junnan","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, Pharmacometrics &amp; Systems Pharmacology (PSP) PharmacoAnalytics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"},{"name":"National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5388-4642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongyi","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, Pharmacometrics &amp; Systems Pharmacology (PSP) PharmacoAnalytics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"},{"name":"National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oscar","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6881-6175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiang-Qun","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, Pharmacometrics &amp; Systems Pharmacology (PSP) PharmacoAnalytics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"},{"name":"National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, Pharmacometrics &amp; Systems Pharmacology (PSP) PharmacoAnalytics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"},{"name":"National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69113-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","article-title":"Estimation of the global prevalence of dementia in 2019 and forecasted prevalence in 2050: an analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"7","author":"GBD 2019 Dementia Forecasting Collaborators","year":"2022","unstructured":"GBD 2019 Dementia Forecasting Collaborators. 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