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Participants aged 75 years and older completed an annual neuropsychological battery for up to 8 years. Air pollution was estimated using fine-scale models and accounted for residential history. Cognitive performance at baseline and trajectories of cognitive function across levels of air pollution were estimated using linear mixed regression models. Longitudinal analyses incorporated inverse probability weights to account for differential selection across visits.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study included 3044 individuals. Exposure to PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      was associated with slightly worse performance at intercepts for all domains. Higher exposure was not associated with faster declines in cognitive performance over follow-up. Results for NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      follow a similar pattern.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Findings support associations between exposure to higher concentrations of air pollution and worse cognitive performance at baseline, but not cognitive decline.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877251373050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T16:53:48Z","timestamp":1757696028000},"page":"883-892","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Long-term exposure to air pollution and cognitive aging: Findings from a United States cohort of older adults"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"108","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7188-1891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sindana D","family":"Ilango","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6113-0314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire E","family":"Adam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Montana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9702-3649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinmei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cindy S","family":"Leary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Montana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0531-7659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erin O","family":"Semmens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Montana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annette L","family":"Fitzpatrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington"},{"name":"University of Washington"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul K","family":"Crane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4174-9037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joel D","family":"Kaufman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington"},{"name":"University of Washington"},{"name":"University of Washington"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anjum","family":"Hajat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30677-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41514-023-00120-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2016.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP8716"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12654"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01296-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2009.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623307313011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01926230252929954"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107118"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP14585"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2006.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2008.683"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.140.6.566"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1913"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","volume-title":"CVLT: California Verbal Learning Test-Adult Version: Manual","author":"Delis DC","year":"1987","unstructured":"Delis DC, Kramer JH, Kaplan E, et al. 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