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Increasing evidence highlights neuroinflammation as a central and modifiable factor in AD pathogenesis. This review critically explores the roles of microglia and astrocytes in mediating neuroinflammatory cascades, emphasizing their dual protective and detrimental functions. Microglial activation and astrocytic polarization into A1 (neurotoxic) and A2 (neuroprotective) subtypes are discussed alongside their contributions to A\u03b2 clearance, tau pathology propagation, and synaptic dysfunction. The disruption of the blood\u2013brain barrier, activation of inflammasome pathways such as NLRP3, and release of cytokines and chemokines exacerbate chronic inflammation and neurodegeneration. Advances in single-cell transcriptomics and lipidomics have revealed glial heterogeneity and novel molecular targets, including disease-associated microglia. Genetic risk factors like apolipoprotein E (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">APOE<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">TREM2<\/jats:italic>\n                    variants further modulate inflammatory responses. Emerging therapeutic strategies, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, monoclonal antibodies, and targeted immunomodulators, hold promise for modifying disease progression. Overall, precise targeting of neuroinflammatory pathways offers a compelling avenue for future AD therapies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877251374353","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T16:54:04Z","timestamp":1757696044000},"page":"19-41","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Neuroinflammation and Alzheimer's disease: Unravelling the molecular mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"108","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5323-5035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aniket","family":"Kakkar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, IFTM University, Moradabad, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5229-6569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harpreet","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, IFTM University, Moradabad, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7264-337X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bhuvnesh Kumar","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moradabad Educational Trust Group of Institutions Faculty of Pharmacy, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4754-5318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arvind","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, IFTM University, Moradabad, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8569-988X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arun Kumar","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, IFTM University, Moradabad, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8867-7603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hitesh","family":"Chopra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25245789"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a006189"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Recent understanding of the molecular mechanisms of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"5","author":"Grimm MO","year":"2012","unstructured":"Grimm MO, Hartmann T. 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