{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:12:57Z","timestamp":1787019177994,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758499200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Science and Technology","award":["NSTC109-2314-B-075B-001-MY2, NSTC109-2314-B-075B-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC109-2314-B-075B-001-MY2, NSTC109-2314-B-075B-0"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011913","name":"Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KSVGH-110-051, KSVGH111-082, KSVGH-111-181, KSVGH-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KSVGH-110-051, KSVGH111-082, KSVGH-111-181, KSVGH-"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011913","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004737","name":"National Health Research Institutes","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21020312-00113008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21020312-00113008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004737","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS), a non-invasive brain stimulation technique, has shown potential for improving cognition in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate whether HD-tDCS enhances cognitive function in individuals with MCI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a triple-blind, randomized, sham-controlled study. The anodal electrode was placed over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and surrounded by four cathode electrodes (2 mA for 25 min, daily for 10 sessions). Tests were performed at baseline, after 2-week stimulation, at 1 month, and at 3 months. The primary outcome was global cognition measured by Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument and secondary outcomes included memory, language, executive function, and attention tests. Group differences were analyzed using linear mixed model (LMM).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fifty patients with MCI were randomized to the sham (n\u2009=\u200925) and HD-tDCS groups (n\u2009=\u200925). No significant differences were observed between the HD-tDCS and sham groups in global cognition or other neuropsychological measures. However, subgroup analysis revealed a significant three-way interaction between apolipoprotein E (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">APOE<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) allele 4 status, tDCS condition, and time.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">APOE4<\/jats:italic>\n                      -positive patients receiving HD-tDCS showed significantly greater improvement in language function, as measured by the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Fourth Edition vocabulary, compared to\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">APOE4<\/jats:italic>\n                      -negative patients in the sham group (p\u2009=\u20090.028). Adverse effects were mild and comparable between groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      HD-tDCS did not enhance global cognition in MCI patients overall. Preliminary findings demonstrated a potential language benefit was observed in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">APOE4<\/jats:italic>\n                      -postitive individuals. These exploratory findings warrant further investigation in larger, biomarker-stratified studies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:bold>Trial registration<\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>The study was registered at ClinicalTrial.gov under NCT04121156.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877251376547","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T04:50:16Z","timestamp":1758603016000},"page":"298-311","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effectiveness and safety of high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation in patients with mild cognitive impairment: A randomized, triple-blind, sham-controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"108","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6911-1839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Che-Sheng","family":"Chu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"},{"name":"Non-invasive Neuromodulation Consortium for Mental Disorders, Society of Psychophysiology, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsin-An","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Non-invasive Neuromodulation Consortium for Mental Disorders, Society of Psychophysiology, Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Te","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsiu-Chu","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Business Management, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1604-1600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chih-Kuang","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Kaohsiung Veterans General 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