{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T04:54:53Z","timestamp":1784523293277,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":252,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758240000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Dementia is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline that interferes with daily functioning, particularly in the elderly. As one of the leading causes of disability among older adults, dementia remains a significant public health concern. Emerging evidence suggests that certain vitamins may play a crucial role in the prevention and management of cognitive impairment. This review explores the potential impact of key micronutrients specifically water-soluble vitamins such as vitamin C and B-complex (B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B9, B12), and fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K on dementia pathogenesis and cognitive function. Vitamin B deficiencies have been associated with brain atrophy, an early indicator of cognitive decline, and supplementation has shown promise in enhancing memory and slowing brain shrinkage. Similarly, vitamin C exhibits antioxidative properties that may protect against neurodegeneration. While nutritional support, particularly through micronutrient intake, is increasingly considered a viable strategy for cognitive preservation, findings from epidemiological and clinical studies remain mixed. These inconsistencies highlight the need for further research to determine optimal dosing, efficacy, and long-term impact of vitamin supplementation in dementia prevention. A well-balanced diet rich in essential vitamins may support brain health, but individual variability suggests the importance of personalized nutritional interventions. This review underscores the potential role of vitamins in maintaining cognitive health and calls for continued investigation into their therapeutic utility in delaying or preventing dementia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877251379700","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T17:01:53Z","timestamp":1758301313000},"page":"443-460","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The role of vitamins in dementia prevention and cognitive health: A comprehensive review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Adeel","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Brain Science and Brain-inspired Research, Shandong First Medical University &amp; Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamid","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Brain Science and Brain-inspired Research, Shandong First Medical University &amp; Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3623-4709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Shahab Ud Din","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mubin","family":"Mustafa Kiyani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medical Technology, Shifa International Hospitals Ltd, Islamabad, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fawaz","family":"Al-hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Neurology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6286-6895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shahid","family":"Bashir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Centre, King Fahad Specialist Hospital Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqin","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Brain Science and Brain-inspired Research, Shandong First Medical University &amp; Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peijun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Brain Science and Brain-inspired Research, Shandong First Medical University &amp; Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.4782"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30367-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1683408"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-191092"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30290-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000497800"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.2161"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-040218-043758"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.122.319951"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.741059"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-019-1049-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-804766-8.00024-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9091092"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-141884"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.11-0102ufm"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2021.103293"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","first-page":"95","article-title":"Physiological and pathological functions of beta-amyloid in the brain and Alzheimer's disease: a review","volume":"63","author":"Volicer L","year":"2020","unstructured":"Volicer L. Physiological and pathological functions of beta-amyloid in the brain and Alzheimer's disease: a review. J Physiol Investig 2020; 63: 95\u2013100.","journal-title":"J Physiol Investig"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.105864"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.119.311908"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-97-4723-8_6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","first-page":"83","volume-title":"Optimizing brain health and performance through essential nutrients and lifestyle changes","author":"Mittal P","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mittal P, Mehrotra M, Agarwal MB, et al. Role of vitamins in brain function. In: Yadav R, Kumar S, Dubey AD (eds) Optimizing brain health and performance through essential nutrients and lifestyle changes. Agra, India: SAAR Publications, 2024, pp.83\u201397."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003115656-19"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-071715-050947"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000755"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12113458"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.19451"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","volume-title":"Advanced nutrition and human metabolism, 6th edition","author":"Gropper S","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gropper S, Smith J, Groff J. Advanced nutrition and human metabolism, 6th edition. Belmont: Cengage Learning, 2013."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","volume-title":"Advanced nutrition and human metabolism","author":"Gropper S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gropper S, Smith J, Carr T. Advanced nutrition and human metabolism. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning, 2018."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-019-0268-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28145467"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1871524923666221121123937"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2020.00101"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13093134"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-022-07345-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12020415"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v26.i31.4567"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43450-021-00179-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26031333"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14030484"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527681754.ch3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11020212"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.729757"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2007.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-220410"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/11594130-000000000-00000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40266-019-00649-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15245116"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/an.112.002535"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13133641"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2014.06.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-30192-7_22"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18122764"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","first-page":"192747","article-title":"Vitamin D and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: neurocognition to therapeutics","volume":"2015","author":"Banerjee A","year":"2015","unstructured":"Banerjee A, Khemka VK, Ganguly A, et al. Vitamin D and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: neurocognition to therapeutics. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 2015: 192747.","journal-title":"Int J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2021.1873768"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831.69.3.213"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36877\/pmmb.a0000071"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2005.tb00129.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00239"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2013.05.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.191369798"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2012.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","first-page":"300","article-title":"Fat-soluble vitamins","volume":"1","author":"Anderson J","year":"2008","unstructured":"Anderson J, Young L. Fat-soluble vitamins. Child Care Health Dev 2008; 1: 300.","journal-title":"Child Care Health Dev"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","volume-title":"Fat-soluble vitamins: A, D, E, and K","author":"Bellows L","unstructured":"Bellows L, Moore R. Fat-soluble vitamins: A, D, E, and K. Fort Collins, CO: Colorado State University Extension, 2012 Nov. (Food and Nutrition Series: Health; Fact Sheet 9.315). Available from: https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10217\/183323"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1533317512473193"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9070670"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20110643"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.1110.0684"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2011.05.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1G280"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1301\/002966402320583433"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.6.1265"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2007.01531.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","first-page":"99","article-title":"Lowered plasma vitamin C, but not vitamin E, concentrations in dementia patients","volume":"8","author":"Charlton KE","year":"2004","unstructured":"Charlton KE, Rabinowitz TL, Geffen L, et al. Lowered plasma vitamin C, but not vitamin E, concentrations in dementia patients. J Nutr Health Aging 2004; 8: 99\u2013108.","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/472932"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-1-21"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2010.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2014.26"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cn500308h"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_2","volume-title":"Vitamin C in health and disease","author":"Carr AC","year":"2018","unstructured":"Carr AC, Lykkesfeldt J. Vitamin C in health and disease. Basel: MDPI, 2018."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2024.0286"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13506129.2019.1693359"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170543"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/br.2016.630"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2006.04.047"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.243345"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_89_2","first-page":"489","article-title":"Modulating effect of green tea and vitamin C in the management of \u201cAlzheimer's disease\": oxidative stress, cell-based anti-inflammatory and genotoxic profiles","volume":"68","author":"El-hallouty SM","year":"2025","unstructured":"El-hallouty SM, Hanafy MK, Ayman E, et al. Modulating effect of green tea and vitamin C in the management of \u201cAlzheimer's disease\": oxidative stress, cell-based anti-inflammatory and genotoxic profiles. Egypt J Chem 2025; 68: 489\u2013503.","journal-title":"Egypt J Chem"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10091439"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2012-111853"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9090960"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.61.1.82"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.282834"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-97-4117-5_7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8020068"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuab057"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpaic.2019.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000455365"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32394\/rpzh.2021.0157"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40495-018-0161-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5030887"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2005.06.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_104_2","first-page":"125","article-title":"Pathophysiology and clinical management of pellagra\u2014a review","volume":"61","author":"Ha\u0142ubiec P","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ha\u0142ubiec P, Leo\u0144czyk M, Staszewski F, et al. Pathophysiology and clinical management of pellagra\u2014a review. Folia Med Cracov 2021; 61: 125\u2013137.","journal-title":"Folia Med Cracov"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/82.3.627"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_106_2","first-page":"42","article-title":"Thiamine: a key role in human health","volume":"8","author":"Gochhayat G","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gochhayat G, Kumar M, Bhatt S, et al. Thiamine: a key role in human health. Int J Sci Technol Res 2019; 8: 42\u201351.","journal-title":"Int J Sci Technol Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13207"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_108_2","first-page":"555979","article-title":"Neurological dysfunction associated with vitamin deficiencies: a narrative review","volume":"18","author":"Nieto-Salazar MA","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nieto-Salazar MA, Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez KNA, Carcamo ZDS, et al. Neurological dysfunction associated with vitamin deficiencies: a narrative review. Open Access J Neurol Neurosurg 2023; 18: 555979.","journal-title":"Open Access J Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/NRR200367"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000022070"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13031"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_112_2","first-page":"622","article-title":"An examination of the synergistic interaction of ethanol and thiamine deficiency in the development of neurological signs and long-term cognitive and memory impairments","volume":"24","author":"Ciccia RM","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ciccia RM, Langlais PJ. An examination of the synergistic interaction of ethanol and thiamine deficiency in the development of neurological signs and long-term cognitive and memory impairments. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2000; 24: 622\u2013634.","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_113_2","article-title":"Supplemental thiamine as a practical, potential way to prevent Alzheimer's disease from commencing","volume":"7","author":"Fessel J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fessel J. Supplemental thiamine as a practical, potential way to prevent Alzheimer's disease from commencing. Alzheimers Dement (N Y) 2021; 7: e12199.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement (N Y)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7042415"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhu H Zhou S Xie C et al. Association between vitamin B1 and dementia caused by different etiologies in elderly adults: a cross-sectional study. SSRN 2021 DOI: 10.2139\/ssrn.3961644 [Preprint]. Posted November 11 2021.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3961644"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jgf2.404"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_118_2","first-page":"191","volume-title":"Handbook of Vitamins, 5th edition","author":"Pinto JT","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pinto JT, Rivlin RS, et al. Riboflavin (vitamin B2). In: Zempleni J, Suttie JW, Gregory JFIII (eds) Handbook of Vitamins, 5th edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2013, pp.191\u2013266."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_119_2","first-page":"285","article-title":"Significance of riboflavin (vitamin-B2) for health","volume":"6","author":"Belinda TJ","year":"2014","unstructured":"Belinda TJ. Significance of riboflavin (vitamin-B2) for health. J Pharm Sci Res 2014; 6: 285\u2013287.","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_120_2","first-page":"285","article-title":"Riboflavin metabolism: role in mitochondrial function","volume":"4","author":"Balasubramaniam S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Balasubramaniam S, Yaplito-Lee J. Riboflavin metabolism: role in mitochondrial function. J Transl Genet Genom 2020; 4: 285\u2013306.","journal-title":"J Transl Genet Genom"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114515000203"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/an.113.005181"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_123_2","first-page":"1636","volume-title":"Effects that the methylenetetrahydrofolate gene mutation (both the C677T and A1298C polymorphisms) have on both men and women\u2019s fertility abilities and subsequent fetal development, as well as what nutritional changes can possibly do to aid in reversing these supposed negative effects","author":"Simkanin E","year":"2023","unstructured":"Simkanin E. Effects that the methylenetetrahydrofolate gene mutation (both the C677T and A1298C polymorphisms) have on both men and women\u2019s fertility abilities and subsequent fetal development, as well as what nutritional changes can possibly do to aid in reversing these supposed negative effects. Williams Honors College, Honors Research Projects, 2023, p.1636. https:\/\/ideaexchange.uakron.edu\/honors_research_projects\/1636"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612811319140008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/49.2.295"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_126_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12263-014-0435-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1983.03330450047024"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20040974"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2003.025858"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpsy.2023.100233"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14153231"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_132_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.113330"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_133_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2024.110163"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_134_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/an.115.011239"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_135_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14153052"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_136_2","first-page":"71","volume-title":"A guide to vitamins and their effects on diseases","author":"Alturfan A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alturfan A. Water-soluble vitamins. In: Ata Alturfan A, Emekli-Alturfan (eds) A guide to vitamins and their effects on diseases. Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2023, pp.71\u201374."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_137_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2020.05.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_138_2","first-page":"169","volume-title":"Optimizing brain health and performance through essential nutrients and lifestyle changes","author":"Kumar S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kumar S, Mishra DK, Usmani N, et al. Vitamins and their role in brain function. In: Yadav R, Kumar S, Dubey AD (eds) Optimizing brain health and performance through essential nutrients and lifestyle changes. Agra, India: SAAR Publications, 2024, pp.169\u2013181."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_139_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1871527320666211119122150"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_140_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20225797"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_141_2","volume-title":"Biochemistry of vitamins: a manual for biological chemistry discipline for teachers","author":"Aleksandrova KV","year":"2017","unstructured":"Aleksandrova KV, Rudko NP. Biochemistry of vitamins: a manual for biological chemistry discipline for teachers. Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine: Zaporizhzhia State Medical University, https:\/\/dspace.zsmu.edu.ua\/handle\/123456789\/5927 (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_142_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27113494"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_143_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16234033"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_144_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13020252"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_145_2","volume-title":"Role of B vitamins in biological methylation","author":"Audhya T","year":"2012","unstructured":"Audhya T. Role of B vitamins in biological methylation. South Amboy, NJ: Health Diagnostics and Research Institute, 2012."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_146_2","unstructured":"Herrmann W Obeid R. Homocysteine vitamin B 12 folates vitamin B6 choline betaine. https:\/\/clinical-laboratory-diagnostics.com\/k13.html (2012)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_147_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867323666160920110810"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_148_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2007.356"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_149_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2016.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_150_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000080386"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_151_2","article-title":"The effect of vitamin B6 on cognition","volume":"4","author":"Malouf R","year":"2003","unstructured":"Malouf R, Grimley Evans J. The effect of vitamin B6 on cognition. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003; 4: CD004393.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_152_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"B vitamins and berries and age-related neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"134","author":"Balk E","year":"2006","unstructured":"Balk E, Chung M, Raman G, et al. B vitamins and berries and age-related neurodegenerative disorders. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep) 2006; 134: 1\u2013161.","journal-title":"Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_153_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1301816110"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_154_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-012-0856-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_155_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2011.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_156_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.96447"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_157_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2007.tb00276.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_158_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/0007142991902547"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_159_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-4943(97)00028-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_160_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2019.05.29"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_161_2","first-page":"205","article-title":"The importance of folic acid deficiency in the pathogenesis of vascular, mixed and Alzheimer's disease dementia","volume":"35","author":"Marzena Z","year":"2013","unstructured":"Marzena Z, Jerzy L. The importance of folic acid deficiency in the pathogenesis of vascular, mixed and Alzheimer's disease dementia. Pol Merkur Lekarski 2013; 35: 205\u2013209.","journal-title":"Pol Merkur Lekarski"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_162_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.103283"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_163_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-150777"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_164_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.006320"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_165_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-151098"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_166_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2016.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_167_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2014.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_168_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001050"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_169_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114512004175"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_170_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408363.2021.1885339"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_171_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2007.131482"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_172_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-201096"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_173_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2009.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_174_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37506\/ijfmt.v15i3.15707"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_175_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2022.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_176_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-025-01697-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_177_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000325581.26991.f2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_178_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1113996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_179_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2008.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_180_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2022.01.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_181_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-210166"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_182_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2012-111739"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_183_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Vitamin B12 and cognitive function: an evidence-based analysis","volume":"13","author":"Ontario HQ","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ontario HQ. Vitamin B12 and cognitive function: an evidence-based analysis. Ont Health Technol Assess Ser 2013; 13: 1\u201345.","journal-title":"Ont Health Technol Assess Ser"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_184_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.2507"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_185_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxs003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_186_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000337684"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_187_2","first-page":"410","article-title":"Vitamin B12 deficiency & cognitive impairment in elderly population","volume":"134","author":"Agarwal R","year":"2011","unstructured":"Agarwal R. Vitamin B12 deficiency & cognitive impairment in elderly population. Indian J Med Res 2011; 134: 410\u2013412.","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_188_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13279"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_189_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2013.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_190_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa239"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_191_2","article-title":"Main nutritional deficiencies","volume":"63","author":"Kiani AK","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kiani AK, Dhuli K, Donato K, et al. Main nutritional deficiencies. J Prev Med Hyg 2022; 63: E93.","journal-title":"J Prev Med Hyg"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_192_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13020202"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_193_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200900246"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_194_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0000000000000243"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_195_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(02)00423-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_196_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0437937100"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_197_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-02462"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_198_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0594.2011.00786.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_199_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13670-018-0241-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_200_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612003401190"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_201_2","volume-title":"Vitamin and mineral requirements in human nutrition","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2004","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Vitamin and mineral requirements in human nutrition. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2004."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_202_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14051033"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_203_2","volume-title":"Global status report on the public health response to dementia","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2021","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global status report on the public health response to dementia. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_204_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2019.05.030"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_205_2","article-title":"Can nutrition support healthy cognitive ageing and reduce dementia risk?","volume":"369","author":"Jennings A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jennings A, Cunnane SC, Minihane AM. Can nutrition support healthy cognitive ageing and reduce dementia risk? Br Med J 2020; 369: m2269.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_206_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.03.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_207_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-016-0405-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_208_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-015-0063-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_209_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-150943"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_210_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.93732"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_211_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2019.1870"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_212_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/84.1.18"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_213_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.15607"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_214_2","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation and incident dementia: effects of sex, APOE, and baseline cognitive status","volume":"15","author":"Ghahremani M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ghahremani M, Smith EE, Chen HY, et al. Vitamin D supplementation and incident dementia: effects of sex, APOE, and baseline cognitive status. Alzheimers Dement (Amst) 2023; 15: e12404.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement (Amst)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_215_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823569-0.00009-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_216_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules15042103"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_217_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-05315-4_16"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_218_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003418160-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_219_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200418120-00005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_220_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-025-05214-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_221_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200400049"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_222_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/PNS19940030"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_223_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2005.10.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_224_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(92)90166-E"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_225_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21608\/jesp.2020.113040"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_226_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000366419"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_227_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.6.1381S"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_228_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18122504"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_229_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20040879"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_230_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002854.pub4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_231_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6125453"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_232_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.5778"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_233_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020691"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_234_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43450-023-00378-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_235_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1134\/S0006297924140049"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_236_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-022-07925-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_237_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/an.111.001784"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_238_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2018.1536411"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_239_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.53493\/avrasyasbd.1339322"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_240_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2013.05.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_241_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12010138"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_242_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30051027"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_243_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/fnr.v56i0.5329"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_244_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2010.06.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_245_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10040566"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_246_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104012371002200404"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_247_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011613"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_248_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028016673072"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_249_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4162\/nrp.2018.12.2.160"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_250_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-129-10-199811150-00003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_251_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/NUA-150048"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_252_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205015666180201153735"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_253_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70119-8"}],"container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13872877251379700","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/13872877251379700","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13872877251379700","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T09:36:37Z","timestamp":1779096997000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/13872877251379700"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]]},"references-count":252,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/13872877251379700"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13872877251379700","relation":{},"ISSN":["1387-2877","1875-8908"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1387-2877","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-8908","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]]}}}