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Using the ADGC genotype data, genetic ancestry groups were identified for ADRC participants, including non-Hispanic White (NHW), African American (AA), Hispanic, and Asian. Tobit and linear models were applied to examine genetic associations of 84 LOAD-related SNPs with cognitive performance at the most recent visit, utilizing the NACC UDS data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Genetic architectures varied across genetic ancestry groups. The Tobit model detected the association of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">TMEM106B<\/jats:italic>\n                      -rs13237518(A) missed by the linear model.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">APOE-<\/jats:italic>\n                      rs429358(C) was negatively associated with global cognitive function across ancestry groups. Subgroup analyses recognized associations among participants with a cognitive status of dementia:\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ADAMTS1-<\/jats:italic>\n                      rs2830489(T) for Asians and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">SHARPIN<\/jats:italic>\n                      -rs34173062(A) for Hispanics.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tobit models demonstrated superior model fit for genetic association analyses of global cognition and language test scores exhibiting ceiling effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877251385220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T18:49:53Z","timestamp":1761245393000},"page":"1312-1327","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Genetic association analyses of cognitive performance across multi-ancestry older adults: Application of Tobit models"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"108","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2360-8153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xian","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kentucky"},{"name":"University of Kentucky"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2229-8315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inori","family":"Tsuchiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kentucky"},{"name":"University of Kentucky"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3793-6927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khine Zin","family":"Aung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kentucky"},{"name":"University of Kentucky"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1240-0506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qi","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kentucky"},{"name":"University of Kentucky"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7207-4696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David W","family":"Fardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kentucky"},{"name":"University of Kentucky"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter T","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kentucky"},{"name":"University of Kentucky"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin L","family":"Abner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kentucky"},{"name":"University of Kentucky"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryan D","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher M","family":"Norris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kentucky"},{"name":"University of Kentucky"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0188-8094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuriko","family":"Katsumata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kentucky"},{"name":"University of Kentucky"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13439"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.2.168"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-022-01024-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-021-00921-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-019-0358-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01483-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12060"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.2973"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","first-page":"376","article-title":"2021 Alzheimer\u2019s disease facts and figures: special report: race, ethnicity and Alzheimer\u2019s in America","volume":"17","author":"Alzheimer\u2019s Association","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alzheimer\u2019s Association. 2021 Alzheimer\u2019s disease facts and figures: special report: race, ethnicity and Alzheimer\u2019s in America. 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