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It is unknown if prompt neuro-rehabilitative treatment following moderate or severe TBI mitigates this risk compared with delayed treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine whether immediate neuro-rehabilitative treatment following moderate or severe TBI reduces the risk of AD and related cognitive outcomes compared with delayed treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a retrospective cohort using the TriNetX Analytics Platform, which includes health records from over 100 million US patients. Adults aged 50\u201390 years with moderate or severe TBI were included if they received immediate treatment (within 1 week) or delayed treatment (&gt;1 week). Outcomes were AD risk at 3- and 5-year follow-up, with additional outcomes of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), dementia, and AD-related medication prescriptions. Cox proportional hazards models were applied to propensity score\u2013matched cohorts, and hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 37,081 eligible patients, 17,636 remained after propensity score matching. Immediate treatment was associated with lower AD risk compared with delayed treatment (HR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.41\u20130.86 at 3 years; HR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.52\u20130.94 at 5 years). Similar risk reductions were observed for MCI, dementia, and AD-related medication use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Immediate treatment following moderate or severe TBI was associated with significantly reduced risk of AD and related cognitive decline. These findings suggest that prompt intervention may mitigate long-term neurodegenerative consequences of TBI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877251385262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T04:22:31Z","timestamp":1760070151000},"page":"1155-1165","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Timing of neurorehabilitation and subsequent Alzheimer's disease risk in patients with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury: A nationwide retrospective cohort study in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Austin A","family":"Kennemer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Artificial Intelligence in Drug Discovery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenxiang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Artificial Intelligence in Drug Discovery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pamela B","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Community Health Integration, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David C","family":"Kaelber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical Informatics Research and Education, The MetroHealth System, Cleveland, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Artificial Intelligence in Drug Discovery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40141-019-00241-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-199806000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.10.JNS17352"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2020.7064"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00309-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.44.s10.3.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(74)91639-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","volume-title":"Evaluation of the Disability Determination Process for Traumatic Brain Injury in Veterans","author":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Board on Health Care Services; Committee on the Review of the Department of Veterans Affairs Examinations for Traumatic Brain Injury","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Board on Health Care Services; Committee on the Review of the Department of Veterans Affairs Examinations for Traumatic Brain Injury. 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